Students of the second half of the twentieth century will find the following community and other ethnographic studies of the peoples of Ecuador of considerable interest. A note of caution is in order, however. Although what anthropologists have to say about the "present" and "recent past" of communities and ethnic groups they study appears to be well grounded for the most part, all too often they have not done their homework when it comes to the history of the country or region at large and the specific past of said communities and ethnic groups. Therefore some of what ethnographers allege to be historically valid in said works is not only incorrect but sometimes misleading.
Having said that, I hasten to add that some historians do not always do their homework as well as they should either. More importantly, anthropologists frequently ask question, important questions, that historians often overlook. Ethnohistory, for example, especially in the case of Ecuador, is much more the result of the concerns and inquiries of anthropologists than it is of historians.
For a more complete guide to pre-1966 publications on ethnography and related subjects see the 3ª ed. of Carlos Manuel Larrea's Bibliografía científica (item 112), and for additional post-1965 works, Olaf Holm's several supplements to Larrea (items 95-99).
7931. Alcina Franch, José. "El proceso de pérdida de la identidad cultural entre los indios del Ecuador," Cuadernos hispano-americanos, 428 (feb. 1986), 91-108.
7932. Allard, Pierre; and Philippe Luzuy. Faces of Bronce. New York: Universe Books, 1960. 1 v. (not paginated). Chiefly ill.
A photographic account of the Cayapas, Colorados, Jivaros--i.e., Chachis, Tsatchilas,Shuar--and Otavaleños (Ecuador) and of the Chipayas and Yuras (Bolivia).
7933. Almedia Vinueza, José. Identidades indias en el Ecuador contemporaneo. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1995. 433 p. (Pueblos del Ecuador; 4).
7934. Antropología política en el Ecuador: perspectivas desde las culturas indígenas, Jeffrey Ehrenreich, (compilador), 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1991. 294 p.
A major anthology of studies of politics at the national as well as ethnic group level from the anthropological perspective. Originally published in English (see item 7956). The Spanish edition, however, includes an added "Introducción."
Contents: Jeffrey Ehrenreich, "Introducción" (p. 15-27); Louisa Stark, "El rol de la mujer en los levantamientos campesinos de las altas llanuras del Ecuador" (p. 35-56); Jeffrey Ehrenreich, "Aislamiento, retiro y clandestinidad: comportamiento falso entre los indios Coaiquer del Ecuador" (p. 57-90); John E. Hudelson, "Los Quichuas de las tierras bajas como una 'tribu'" (p. 91-112); Frank Salomon, "La furia de Andrés Arévalo: envoltorio de enfermedades de un shaman andino colonial" (p. 115-137); Judith Kempf, "Política de curación entre los indios Coaiquer" (p. 139-159); E. Jean Langdon, "Poder y autoridad en el proceso político Siona: desarrollo y muerte del shaman" (p. 161-188); Leo R. Chavez, "'Seguir adelante': la ética empresarial y el comportamiento político entre los tejedores comerciales de Otavalo" (p. 191-224); Barbara Butler, "Tradicionalismo ideológico y flexibilidad pragmática en la política interna de una comunidad indígena otavaleña" (p. 225-252); and Pita Kelekna, "El comercio achuara: contrapeso y complemento para la guerra" (p. 253-294).
7935. Ayala Mora, Enrique. Las nacionalidades indígenas en el Ecuador: contribución para su estudio. Ibarra: Corporación Imbabura, 1991. 44 p.
7936. Barriga López, Franklin. Etnología ecuatoriana. Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Crédito Educativo y Becas, 1986-<1988>. <9> v.
Inasmuch as no further vols. appear to have been published in this set, it may be complete as is.
Contents: 1. Colorados; 2. Shuaras; 3. Otavalos; 4. Cayapas o Chachis; 5. Saraguros; 6. Huaorani (Aucas); v. 7. Awa-kuaikeres; 8. Salasacas; 9. Cofanes.
7937. La Cuestión indígena en el Ecuador. Quito: Centro de Investigaciones de la Realidad Ecuatoriana, 1984. 146 p.
Contents: Roberto Santana, "Actualidad de una confrontación"; Oswaldo Albornoz Peralta, "Sobre algunos aspectos del problema indígena"; Francisco Rhon Proaño, "La visión indigenista de R. Santana"; Jaime Galarza Zavala, "La vida misma"; Luciano Martínez Valle, "Modernización agraria y economía campesina"; Philippe Descola, "Limitaciones ecológicas y sociales del desarrollo de la Amazonia."
7938. Cuestiones indígenas del Ecuador. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1946. 302 p.
Published for the Instituto Indigenista del Ecuador. An anthology of standard, and in some instances now classic, studies.
Contents: Pio Jaramillo Alvarado, "El indio, problema continental,"; Aníbal Buitrón, "La antropología y el problema del indio en América"; Gonzalo Rubio Orbe, "Organización escolar para grupos indígenas"; Víctor Gabriel Garcés, "La industria del indio"; Luis Monsalve Pozo, "La industria de sombreros de paja toquilla"; Aquiles R. Peréz T., "Los tributos de nuestros indios"; Carlos Andrade Marín, "El indio y el seguro social campesino"; Humberto García Ortiz, "Organización administrativa de los grupos indígenas"; Bárbara Salisbury Buitrón, "Transcripción fonética de las lenguas indígenas del Nuevo Mundo"; Gerardo Falconi R., "Música y danzas folklóricas"; Joaquín Santa Cruz, "Síntesis pre-histórica del indio ecuatoriano"; Luis A. León, "Breves consideraciones sobre la patología del indio en el Ecuador"; Luis A. León, "Bibliografía nacional y extranjera sobre el indio ecuatoriano."
7939. Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, edited by Norman E. Whitten, Jr. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981. xvii, 811 p.
A major anthology of twenty-seven essays, mostly by antropologists, on cultural change and continuity, ethnicity and race relations in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. At least thirteen of the contributions have also been published in Spanish (see items 7965 and 8128).
7940. Ecuador indígena: antropología y relaciones interétnicas, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1990. 144 p.
The fourth issue of Ecuador indígena.
7941. Ecuador indígena: simbolismo y cotidianidad, Marlusz S. Ziólkowski [et al.], 1ª ed. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología; Quito: Edciones Abya-Yala, 1987. 133 p.
The first issue of Ecuador indígena.
Contents: Hernán Jaramillo Cisneros, "Apuntes sobre la artesanía textil de Otavalo"; Carlos Alberto Coba Andrade, "El Ecuador, una nación heterogénea"; Elizabeth Rohr, "Mujeres y resistencia"; Carlos Alberto Coba Andrade, "Simbolismo y fenomenología musical"; Segundo E. Moreno Yanez, " La cultura en el Ecuador"; William Belzner, "El poder del sonido en los ritos chamánicos entre los runas de la Amazonia ecuatoriana"; Yuri Zubritski, "Las funciones sociales en la lengua quechua en el area Otavalo-Cotacachi"; Mabel Preloran, "Los sueños en la cultura otavaleña"; Mariusz S. Ziólkowski, "La piedra del suelo."
7942. Etnia en el Ecuador: situaciones y análisis, José Mora Domo [et al.]. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1984. 182 p.
7943. Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. "Notes to Accompany a Present Day Ethnic Map of Ecuador," El Palacio, 54:7 (July 1947), 155-168.
7944. Gallegos Lara, Joaquin. Biografía del pueblo indio, con un estudio preliminar por Jorge Enrique Adoum. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1952. 68 p.
7945. Ibarra Illáñez, Alicia. Los indígenas y el Estado en el Ecuador: la práctica neoindigenista. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1987. 261 p.
7946. Indianistas, indianofilos, indigenistas: entre el enigma y la fascinación: una antología de textos sobre el 'problema' indígena, introducción, selección y notas: Jorge Trujillo; prólogo: Simón Espinosa. Quito: ILDIS: Abya-Yala, 1993. 740 p.
What emerges quite clearly from this illuminating selection of writings on the "Indian problem" is how much "the other" has been misperceived and misdescribed even by nominally sympathetic but culturally myopic scholars.
7947. Indios, tierra y utopia: los mejores trabajos del 40 concurso de testimonios y 10 de dibujo y pintura indígena: "A 500 años de resistencia, nuestros mayores cuentan su vida," 1ª ed. Quito: CEDIS-CONAIE, 1992. 58 p.
A set of prize winning personal testimonies collected by indigenous historians from the Provinces of Bolívar and Imbabura and of prize winning paintings by indigenous artists from the Provinces of Azuay, Bolívar, Cotopoxi, and Imbabura. The conference was sponsored by the Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador.
7948. Jaramillo Alvarado, Pio. El indio ecuatoriano: contribución al estudio de la sociología indo-americana, prólogo de Gonzalo Rubio Orbe, 6a ed. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional, 1983. 2 v.
"Realizada a base de la versión final publicada por el autor ...": (i.e., the 4ª ed. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1954. 526 p.). The first edition, the pioneering statement of indigenismo in Ecuador, appeared in 1922 (Quito: Impr. de la "Edit. Quito"; ciii, 227 p.) and is available in a photofacsimile reprint: Guayaquil: Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 1979. An exceptionally influential work. Jaramillo Alvarado (1889-1968) is frequently said to have been the founder and was the de facto leader of indigenismo in Ecuador for many years. But the Liberal ideologue Abelardo Moncayo (1847-1917) preceded Jaramillo Alvardo as a spokesperson for "Indians" and the abolition of concertaje. Both men believed that the salvation of "Indians" lay in their incorporation into "modern" Western society and culture. El indio ecuatoriano is less important as a study of "Indo-American" sociology than as an articulation of the salvation mentality of the indigenismo movement.
7949. Maiguashca, Segundo B. El indio, cerebro y corazón de América: incorporación a la cultura nacional. Quito: Edit. Fray Jodoco Ricke, 1949. 140 p.
Although Maiguaschca also favored assimilation into national culture, he took a somewhat different tack. Being himself an "Indian," Maiguaschca advocated the creation of favorable opportunities for indigenes so that they could acculturate on their own.
7950. Marzal, Manuel María. "El indio y la tierrra en el Ecuador," América indígena, 23:1 (ene./mar. 1963), 7-30.
7951. Nuevas investigaciones antropológicas ecuatorianas, Lauris McKee y Silvia Argüello, editoras. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. 339 p.
Consists of "ponencias antropológicas presentadas en el 45o Congreso de Americanistas en Bogotá, Colombia en el año de 1985."
Contents: Diego A. Iturralde G., "Notas para una historia política del campesinado ecuatoriano" (p. 29-88); Will F. Waters, "La propiedad de la tierra y la forma de producción: estructura y transformación en el Cantón Salcedo, Ecuador" (p. 89-123); Cheryl Pomeroy, "Fincas familiares multizonales en la vertiente occidental de los Andes ecuatorianos (Provincia de Bolívar)" (p. 125-151); Luz del Alba Moya Torres, "El abastecimiento y la comercialización en los mercados de Quito" (p. 153-174); Philippe Cazamajor D'Artois, "La red de mercados y ferias de Quito" (p. 175-185); Michael Tousigmant, "La teoría quichua de las emociones: un ejemplo de la Provincia de Bolívar, Ecuador" (p. 189-198); Silvia Argüello Mejía, "Etiología de la medicina tradicional ecuatoriana: el caso del mal aire" (p. 199-208); Lauris McKee, "Tratamiento etnomédico de las enfermedades diarréicas de los niños en la sierra del Ecuador" (p. 209-233); Ruth Moya, "El pueblo Awa Coayquer: desarrollo y desafío" (p. 235-269); Rachel Novotny, "Alimentación, salud y estado nutricional del niño preescolar en la sierra ecuatoriana" (p. 271-308); Lauris McKee, "Controles tradicionales de la reproducción en la sierra ecuatoriana: efectos en la estructura demográfica" (p. 311-321); "Filmes etnográficos presentados en el 45º Congreso de Americanistas" (p. 323-331"; Silvia Argüello Mejía, "Otros filmes producidos por el Museo Arqueológico del Banco Central" (p. 333-339).
7952. Paredes, Angel Modesto. Problemas etnológicos indoamericanos. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1947. 214 p.
7953. Paul Rivet, 1876-1976: selección de estudios científicos y biográficos. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1977. 365 p.
7954. Peñaherrera de Costales, Piedad; and Alfredo Costales Samaniego. Comunas jurídicamente organizadas. Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Geografía, 1962. 159 p. (Llacta; no. 15).
A useful guide to incorporated communities as of 1961. At that time there were 1,192 legally recognized comunas. Includes some historical data.
7955. Pérez T., Aquiles R. Así han vivido nuestros indios. Quito: Tall. Gráf. del Ministerio de Educación, 1943. 62 p.
7956. Political Anthropology of Ecuador: Perspectives from Indigenous Cultures, edited and with an introduction by Jeffrey Ehrenreich. Albany, N.Y.: Society for Latin American Anthropology: SUNY, Center for Caribbean and Latin America, 1985. 256 p.
Contents: Louisa Stark, "The Role of Women in Peasant Uprisings in the Ecuadorian Highlands" (p. 3-23); Jeffrey Ehrenreich, "Isolation, Retreat and Secrecy: Dissembly Behavior among the Coaiquer Indians" (p. 25-57); John Hudelson. "The Lowland Quichua as 'Tribe'" (p. 59-79); Frank Salomon, "The Fury of Andrés Arevalo: Disease Bundles of a Colonial Andean Shaman" (p. 83-105); Judith Kempf, "The Politics of Caring among the Coaiquer Indians" (p. 107-128); E. Jean Langdon, "Power and Authority in Siona Political Process: The Rise and Demise of the Shaman" (p. 129-156); Leo R. Chavez, "'To Get Ahead': The Entrepreneurial Ethic and Political Behavior among Commercial Weavers in Otavalo" (p. 159-189); Barbara Butler, "Ideological Traditionalism and Pragmatic Flexibility in the Internal Politics of an Otavalo Indian Community" (p. 191-216); Pita Kelekna, "Achuara Trade: Counterpoise and Complement to War" (p. 217-256).
Also published in Spanish (see item 7934).
7957. Rubio Orbe, Gonzalo. Aspectos indígenas. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1965. 372 p.
Includes a lengthy chapter on "indígenas del Ecuador," a general essay on the history and the "current" situation of autochthonous ethnic groups in the country.
7958. Rubio Orbe, Gonzalo. Promociones indígenas en América. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1957. 404 p.
The section on Ecuador (pages 303-404) focuses on the Canton of Otavalo--of which Rubio Orbe was a "native" son--and discusses the impact of religious missions on the Otavaleños. It will be recalled that heretofore Rubio Orbe's field work had been limited to this group (see his book on Punyaro [item 8104]).
7959. Sáenz, Moises. Sobre el indio ecuatoriano y su incorporación al medio nacional. México, D.F.: Publicaciones de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1933. xvi, 195 p.
The work of a Mexican scholar. Not necessarily any less paternalistic than his Ecuadorian counterparts, at least Sáenz undertook actual field work and presented Ecuadorian "Indians" in a somewhat favorable light, finding Otavaleños and Saraguros to be especially valuable elements for the nation.
7960. Salz, Beate R. The Human Element in Industrialization: A Hypothetical Case Study of Ecuadorian Indians. Menasha, Wis.: American Anthropological Association , 1955. ix, 265 p. (Memoir; no. 85).
The author's doctoral dissertation: 1950. New School for Social Research. Salz's "The Sources: Their Treatment and Use" (p. 220-229) is highly recommended for anyone contemplating research in the Humanities or the Social Sciences on Ecuador. Chapters 9-11 (p. 107-158) have been published in Spanish as: "El uso del tiempo: hábitos de trabajo y modalidades de trabajo," Indianistas, indianofilos, indigenistas (item 7946), p. 117-205.
7961. Sánchez-Parga, José. Estrategías de supervivencia en la comunidad indígena. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1984. 290 p.
7962. Sánchez-Parga, José. Transformaciones socio culturales y educación indígena, 1ª ed. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1993. 162 p.
7963. Santa Cruz, Joaquín. Los indígenas del Ecuador. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1957. 92 p.
7964. Santana, Roberto. Les Indiens d'Equateur, citoyens dans l'ethnicité? Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1992. 240 p.
A solid study of the politicization of indigenes in the late twentieth-century. Argues that modern indigenous organizations should be interpreted as catalysts for overhauling the national political system, resulting in the creation of a true multiethnic nation.
7965. Temas sobre la continuidad y adaptación cultural ecuatoriana, [editores], Marcelo F. Naranjo, José L. Pereira V., Norman E. Whitten Jr, 2ª ed. Quito: Universidad Católica, 1984. 195 p.
Consists mostly of Spanish version of contributions to Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939). At least one of the chapters, however, is new. See also item 8127.
7966. Tripp, Robert. "Anthropology and On-Farm Research," Human Organization, 44:2 (Summer 1985), 114-124.
Discusses the role of anthropology in "on-farm research" as applied to Ecuador. The research was conducted by national agronomists and the author, an anthropologist, during the late 1970s.
As of the late 1990s, there does not appear to have been an ethnography of the coast or of either of its component regions (i.e., the North Coast and the Central-South Coast). There were/are ethnographies and other studies, however, of the Afro-Ecuadorians of Esmeraldas (listed in the "Historia regional y estudios relacionados: Costa norte" subsection) and of the three indigenous groups who maintain a separate identity (i.e., the Awa / Coaiquer, the Chachis (formerly known as Cayapas), and the Tsachilas (formerly known as Colorados), listed below. The ethnography of the "cholos" of Manabí remained terra incognita. Fortunately, however, the ethnohistory as well as the ethnography of the indigenous peoples, descendants of the Huancavilcas, of Santa Elena has begun to be studied (see especially Silvia G. Alvarez's book and articles [items 5916-5918]). No anthropological or sociological literature on the montubios of the Guayas River Basin existed/exists either.
Variant spellings: Cuaiquer, Quaiquer, Kwaiker. Members of this ethic group usually refer to themselves as Awa in Ecuador and as Coaiquer or Cuaiquer in Colombia. See also the chapters by Jeffrey Ehrenreich and Judith Kempf in Political Anthropology of Ecuador (item 7956) and the Spanish version thereof, Antropología política en el Ecuador (item 7934), by Ruth Moya in Nuevas investigaciones antropológicas ecuatorianas (item 7951), and Kempf's doctoral dissertation "The Dynamics of Culture and Health" (item 8571).
7967. Cerón Solarte, Benhur. Los Awa-Kwaiker: un grupo indígena de la selva pluvial del Pacífico nariñense y el noroccidente ecuatoriano. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1986. 304 p.
Apparently the first detailed ethnography, at least in print, of this little known group. Includes a chapter, "Elementos que permiten acercarnos a la evolución histórica del grupo indígena Kwaike" (p. 195-240) on their history.
7968. Ehrenreich, Jeffrey. Contacto y conflicto: el impacto de la aculturación entre los Coaiquer del Ecuador, traducción de Héctor Dueñas. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1989. 303 p.
The Spanish version of the author's doctoral dissertation: "Contact and Conflict: An Ethnographic Inquiry into the Impact of Racism, Ethnocide and Social Change on the Egalitarian Coaiquer Indians of Ecuador." 1984. xiv, 380 leaves. New School for Social Research. Includes an outline of the history of this ethnic group.
7969. Ehrenreich, Jeffrey. "Lifting the Burden of Secrecy: The Emergence of the Awa Biosphere Reserve," Latin American Anthropology Review, 1:2 (1989), 49-54.
On the political and social structure of the Coaiquer and the creation by the Ecuadorian government of the Awa Ethnic and Forestry Preserve.
7970. Ortiz, Sergio Elías. "The Modern Quillacinga, Pasto and Coaiquer," Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1946), p. 961-968.
7971. Villareal, Carlos Alberto. La crisis de la supervivencia del pueblo Awa. Quito: ILDIS: I.E.E., 1986. 71 p.
There is some confusion in the literature as to the name of this group. Traditionally known to the outside world as "Cayapas," nowadays they are increasingly referred to either as "Chachis"--their own designate for their language--or as "Chachillas" --their name for themselves as a people. See also items 1094 and 1095, and Warren R. DeBoer's "Returning to Pueblo Viejo: History and Archaeology of the Chachi, Ecuador," Archaeology in the Lowland American tropics: Current Analytical Methods and Applications, edited by Peter W. Stahl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 243-262.
The history of this group has barely begun to be studied, but see: Josefa Palop Martínez's "Los Cayapas en el siglo XVI" (item 1094), and her "Territorio y sociedad entre los Cayapas del siglo XVI" (item 1095).
7972. Altschuler, Milton. "The Cayapa: A Study in Legal Behavior." 1964. iii, 250 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota.
7973. Altschuler, Milton. "The Sacred and the Profane Realms of Cayapa Law," International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8:1 (Mar. 1967), 44-54.
7974. Barrett, Samuel Alfred. The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. New York: Heye Foundation, 1925. 2 v.
Based on field work undertaken in 1908 and 1909. Also published in Spanish as: Los indios Cayapas del Ecuador. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994.
7975. Carrasco A., Eulalia. El pueblo Chachi: el jeengume avanza. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1983. 219 p.
7976. Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz; and Anders Barfod. "Las investigaciones etnobotánicas entre los Cayapas y los Coaiqueres: segundo informe preliminar," Miscelánea antropológica ecuatoriana, 4:4 (1984), 107-128.
7977. Illanes L., Lewis. Realidad chachi: mal llamados Cayapas. [S.l.: s.n.], 1984. 160 p.
7978. Medina V., Henry. Los Chachi: supervivencia y ley tradicional, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1992. 141 p.
7979. Mitlewski, Bernd. "Pesca cayapa," Miscelánea antropológica ecuatoriana, 5:5 (1985), 63-86.
Variant spelling: Tsatchilas. On the ethnohistory of this ethnic group, including the southern branch centered on Angamarca in the Corregimiento of (La)Tacunga during the colonial period, see: Montserrat Ventura i Oller. "En el camino: los Tsachila en el complejo étnico de la selva occidental del Ecuador," in: Encuentro de Investigadores de la Costa Ecuatoriana en Europa (1ª: 1993: Barcelona, España). Primer Encuentro de Investigadores de la Costa Ecuatoriana en Europa: arqueología, etnohistoria, antropología sociocultural, [edición de] Alvarez, Aurelio [et al.]. 1ª ed. (Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1995), p. 433-465.
7980. Astondoa Ruiz, Ramón. El olvido del tiempo hallado: el lenguaje total entre indígenas. Bogotá: Ediciones Paulinas, 1974. 158 p.
7981. Calazacón, Catalina; and Dolores Orazona. Yo imin tasachi cuwenta layacajon pila, traducción de los textos al español por Ramón Aguavil Calazacón y Fernando Avilés Garaicoa. Guayaquil: Banco Central del Ecuador, Museo Antropológico y Pinacoteca, 1982. xvi, 330 p.
Consists of fifty Tsachila legends in the vernacular and Spanish. Both this and item 7985 are also compilations of oral historical sources.
7982. Costales Samaniego, Alfredo. Los indios colorados. Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Geografía, 1965. 221 p. (Llacta; no. 21)
Reprint (p. 1-92); originally published: Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Geografía, 1956. (Llacta; no. 1).
7983. Elliot, Elisabeth. These Strange Ashes. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. 132 p.
A pseudo-ethnographic account by a Protestant missionary.
7984. Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz; Lars Peter Kvist; and Manuel Aguavil. "Las investigaciones etnobotánicas entre los Colorados y los Coaiqueres: informe preliminar," Miscelánea antropológica ecuatoriana, 3:3 (1983), 89-116.
7985. Iluson: kuwenta layakajun pila, Catalina Calazacón [et al.]; traducción de los textos al español por Alfonso Aguavil, Primitivo Aguavil, ed. bilingüe colorado-español. Guayaquil: Museo Antropológico y Pinacoteca, Banco Central del Ecuador, 1985. xxiii, 318 p.
Cover title: Iluson: 50 leyendas de los indios colorados. Publishes fifty additional Tsachila leyends in "Colorado" and Spanish.
7986. Moore, Bruce R. El cambio cultural entre los Colorados de Santo Domingo. Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1979. 51 p.
7987. Rivet, Paul. "Les indiens colorados: récit de voyage et étude ethnologique," Journal de la Société des américanistes, 2 (1905), 117-208.
For the Spanish version see item 7988.
7988. Tsachila: los clásicos de la etnografía sobre los Colorados (1905-1950), Paul Rivet [et al.], José E. Juncosa [editor], 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. 162 p.
Contents: Paul Rivet, "Los indios colorados" (1905); Rafael Karsten, "Los indios colorados del oeste ecuatoriano" (1924); Wolfgang Von Hagen, "Los indios tsatchela del oeste ecuatoriano" (1939); Antonio Santiana, "Los indios colorados" (1950).
7989. Von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang. The Ts'atchela Indians of Western Ecuador. New York: Museum of the America Indian, Heye Foundation, 1939. ix, 79 p.
Based on a nine week stay among the Tsachila in 1936. For the Spanish version see item 7988.
The majority of the ethnic groups in the highlands apparently lost their distinctive identity sometime during the second half of the colonial period, becoming simply "Indians"--a phenomenon that has yet to be studied in depth and not incidentally, verified and refined--subsequently campesinos or "peasants" in the second half of the twentieth century, at least in the social scientific literature, and "indígenas" in the 1980s and 1990s. The known exceptions are the Otavaleños, the Salasacas, possibly the Cañaris, and the Saraguros. Others distinct groups, however, may emerge as the ethnography of sierra, especially of the central sierra, becomes better known. As of the late 1990s, apparently the only ethnography of an indigenous community in Cotopaxi, for example, was Mary J. Weismantel's study of Zumbagua (item 8064). Insofar as Tungurahua is concerned, only the Salasacas had been studied in some depth (see items 8111-8114 and 8661), but there appear to have been at least two other distinct ethnic groups in the province, the Chibuleo and the Llangahua, neither of which had been studied sufficiently. Whereas the indigenous communities of central Chimborazo have been more or less well researched (see items 5130-5132, 6181, 8037, 8038, and 8330) to the point where they are sometimes referred to as "Colta Indians," those of eastern and southern Chimborazo remained largely unknown. The same held true for the Province of Bolívar.
7990. Aguiló, Federico. El hombre del Chimborazo. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1985. 315 p.
Also available in a "2ª ed." 1987. 319 p.
7991. Aguiló, Federico. El hombre del Chimborazo y su mundo interior. Cuenca: CREA, 1978. 566 p.
7992. Aguirre Palma, Boris. Cosmovisión andina: una aproximación a la religiosidad indígena. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1986. 48 p.
7993. Aguirre Palma, Boris. Religiosidad del campesino de Oton. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1987. 104 p.
Oton is a community in the Canton of Cayambe, Province of Pichincha.
7994. Aráus de Galarza, Margarita. Caspigasí: vivencia y testimonio. Guayaquil: Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, 1985. 164 p.
7995. Archetti, Eduardo P. El mundo social y simbólico del cuy. Quito: Centro de Planificación y Estudios Sociales (CEPLAES), 1992. 167 p.
Also published in English as: Guinea-pigs: Food, Symbol and Conflict of Knowledge in Ecuador, translated by Valentian Napolitano and Peter Worsley. Oxford: Berg, 1997. 150 p.
7996. Barriga López, Franklin. El indio en la Provincia de Cotopaxi. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1976. 143 p.
7997. Barriga López, Franklin. Los mitos en la región andina. Quito: Instituto Andino de Artes Populares del Convenio "Andrés Bello," 1984. 145 p.
7998. Barsky, Osvaldo. "Iniciativa terrateniente en la reestructuración de las relaciones sociales en la sierra ecuatoriana, 1959-1964," Revista ciencias sociales, 2:5 (1978), 74-126.
7999. Beals, Ralph L. "Acculturation, Economics, and Social Change in an Ecuadorian Village," Acculturation in the Americas: Proceedings and Selected Papers of the XXIXth International Congress of Americanists, edited by Sol Tax (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), p. 67-73.
On Nayón, then a rural community in the vicinity of Quito.
8000. Beals, Ralph L. Community in Transition: Nayón, Ecuador. Los Angeles: Latin American Center, University of California, 1966. 233 p.
When Beals first studied this community (Dec. 1948-July 1949), Nayón was a rural parish in the suburbs of Quito (see item 7999). Subsequently Nayón was absorbed by the city.
8001. Bonifaz, Emilio. Los indígenas de altura del Ecuador, 4ª ed. Quito: Politécnica, 1982. 260 p.
Maintains that Andeans are biologically inferior to Europeans. Not surprising inasmuch as Bonifaz was an amateur anthropologist and archaeologist and a member of the traditional elite. Some of the data Bonifaz brings to bear, based on first hand observations as well as extensive reading of the literature, however, are useful.
8002. Botero, Luis Fernando. Chimborazo de los indios: estudios antropológicos, 1ª ed. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1990. 220 p.
8003. Botero, Luis Fernando. Indios, tierra y cultura, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1992. 246 p.
A study of Indian communities and culture in the Province of Chimborazo.
8004. Bourque, L. Nicole. "Developing People and Plants: Life-Cycle and Agricultural Festivals in the Andes," Ethnology, 34:1 (Winter 1995), 75-87.
8005. Bourque, L. Nicole. "Spatial Meaning in Andean Festivals: Corpus Christi and Octavo," Ethnology, 33:3 (Summer 1994), 229-243.
Items 8004 and 8005 are studies of life-cycles and festivals in the Indian community of Sucre in the central highlands. Based on field work conducted in 1989 and 1990.
8006. Buitrón, Aníbal; and Barbara Salisbury Buitrón. El campesino de la Provincia de Pichincha. Quito: Impr. de la Caja del Seguro, 1947. 103 p.
8007. Burgos Guevara, Hugo. Relaciones interétnicas en Riobamba: dominio y dependencia en una región indígena ecuatoriana. México: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1970. xiii, 390 p.
8008. Calidad de vida: siete ensayos de investigación en la sierra norte del Ecuador, XIII Curso Internacional de Geografía Aplicada. Quito: Centro Panamericano de Estudios e Investigaciones Geográficas, 1986. 175 p.
Partial contents: César Machado de Oliveira, Roger Montaño Albán, and Ramiro Herrera Solano, "Salinas: contrates y perspectivas de una calidad de vida" (p. 21-38); Patricio Garzón, Víctor Cantón O., and Jorge Quezada, "Penurias de la calidad de vida en un relecto colonial: el caso de Quito" (p. 41-69); Violette Pedneault, Claudette Pierre Louis, and José E. Dávila López, "Artificialidad y dependencia en las calidades de vida: Tabacundo y las comunidades de Picalquí y San Francisco de Cajas" (p. 73-87); Clara Ventura Díaz R., "San Rafael. un suburbio quiteño: antagonismos entre requerimientos y satisfacciones de una mejor calidad de vida" (p. 91-101); Cristina Pérez Resines, Manuel González Zumárraga, and Tany Sojo de Cedeño, "Calidades de vida impactadas por la industria: la micro región agropecuaria de Tanicuchi" (p. 103-126); Carlos Aguillón, Isabel María Chacón Vega, and José Amable Salazar, "Huachi Grande: la calidad de vida en una micro región de policultivo comercial en el suburbio ambateño" (p. 127-144); Nelva Oris Estrella, Aníbal Jara Andino, and Denis Román Vera, "Calidad de vida en una micro región rural de contrastes: Tisaleo y Chilco La Esperanza" (p. 147-161).
8009. Campaña, Víctor. Fiesta y poder: la celebración de Rey de Reyes en Riobamba, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1991. 187 p.
A study of folk Catholicism in Riobamba as manifested in the celebration of Epiphany.
8010. Carpenter, Lawrence Kidd. "Inside/Outside, Which Side Counts?: Duality-of-Self and Bipartization in Quechua," Andean Cosmologies through Time: Persistence and Emergence, edited by Robert V.H. Dover, Katehrine E. Seibold, and John H. McDowell (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1992), p. 115-136.
A study of the Andean concept that individuals possess two selves, an interior, uncontrollable self, and an exterior, controllable self.
8011. Casagrande, Joseph B. "Strategies for Survival: The Indians of Highland Ecuador," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 260-277.
Examines "differences in the adaptive strategies various groups have evolved to defend themselves against the pressures of the dominant society." The communities studied are Peguche (Otavaleño), Atahualpa (Cayambe Canton, Pichincha Province), Salasaca, San Francisco (Riobamba valley), Guabug (also Riobamba valley), and Saraguro.
Reprinted from: Contemporary Cultures and Societies of Latin America, 2d ed., edited by Dwight Heath (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 93-107. Also published in Spanish as: "Estrategias para sobrevivir: los indígenas de la sierra," Temas sobre la continuidad y adaptación cultural ecuatoriana (item 7965), p. 73-96.
8012. Casagrande, Joseph B.; and Arthur R. Piper. "La transformación estructural de una parroquia rural en las tierras altas del Ecuador," América indígena, 29:4 (oct./dic. 1969), 1039-1064.
A study of the impact of the Agrarian Reform of 1962 and other developments of the 1960s on the economic, political, and social structure of the parish of San Juan in the Province of Chimborazo.
8013. Commander, Simon; and Peter Peek. "Oil Exports, Agrarian Change, and the Rural Labor Process: the Ecuadorian Sierra in the 1970s," World Development, 14:1 (Jan. 1986), 79-96.
8014. Compadres y priostes: la fiesta andina como espacio de memoria y resistencia cultural, Luis Fernando Botero, compilador, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1991. 148 p.
8015. Costales Samaniego, Alfredo. Karapungo. México, D.F.: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1960. [171] p. (Plan piloto del Ecuador: Sección de antropología [continuación]; p. [190]-361)
An ethnographic study of rural Pichincha. Based on field work conducted in the late 1950s.
8016. Costales Samaniego, Alfredo; and André Theisen. Area de Pimampiro. Quito: Oficina de Investigaciones Sociales, Misión Andina del Ecuador, 1970. 103 p.
8017. Crain, Mary M. "Peasant Ideological Practices and the Political Process in Highland Ecuador," Production and Autonomy: Anthropological Studies and Critiques of Development, edited by John W. Bennett and John R. Bowen (Lanham, MD.: University Press of America, 1988), p. 219-238.
8018. Crain, Mary M. "Poetics and Politics in the Ecuadorian Andes: Women's Narratives of Death and Devil Possession," American Ethnologist, 18:1 (Feb. 1991), 67-89.
"The analysis focuses on the ways in which peasant cosmology and gender and class ideologies are inscribed in . . . devil narratives and produce meanings that resist the commodification of labor." Based on field work conducted in Quimsa (Imbabura) between 1982 and 1984. See also item 8036.
8019. Crain, Mary M. Ritual, memoria popular y proceso político en la sierra ecuatoriana. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1989. 286 p.
The Spanish version of author's doctoral dissertation: "Ritual, Popular Memory, and the Political Process." 1987. xi, 236 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Austin.
A study of rural conditions and relationships between landlords and tenants in the Province of Imbabura.
8020. Crain, Mary M. "The Social Construction of National Identity in Highland Ecuador," Anthropological Quarterly, 63:1 (Jan. 1990), 43-59.
8021. Crespi, Muriel. "Changing Power Relations: The Rise of Peasant Unions on the Traditional Ecuadorian Haciendas," Anthropological Quarterly, 44:4 (Oct. 1971), 223-240.
8022. Crespi, Muriel. "The Patrons and Peons of Pesillo: A Traditional Hacienda System in Highland Ecuador." 1968. 467 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois, Urbana.
An ethnohistorical as well as ethnographic study. Pesillo is a rural estate in the Canton of Cayambe in the Province of Pichincha.
8023. Crespi, Muriel. "St. John the Baptist: The Ritual Looking Glass of Hacienda Indian Ethnic and Power Relations," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 477 -505.
A study of changes in managerial policies at the Hacienda Atahualpa in the Canton of Cayambe, Province of Pichincha, before and after the agrarian reforms of 1964. Examines "the impact of such policies on Indian laborers and their relationships with white landowners, especially as they are reflected in the Fiesta de San Juan . . ." Based on field work conducted between 1964 and 1979.
8024. Crespi, Muriel. "When Indians Become Cholos: Some Consequences of the Changing Ecuadorian Hacienda," The New Ethnicity: Perspectives from Ethnology, edited by John W. Bennett (St. Paul: West, 1975), p. 148-166.
8025. Chimborazo: Life on the Haciendas of Highland Ecuador, edited by John Brandi. Rooseveltown, N.Y.: Akwesasne Notes, 1976. 66 p.
Consists chiefly of interviews with huasipungeros and other Indian laborers.
8026. Ecuador indígena: sincretismo e identidad en las culturas nativas de la sierra norte, Carlos Alberto Coba Andrade [et al.]; Hernán Jaramillo Cisneros (compilador), 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1991. 217 p.
The fifth issue of Ecuador indígena. An anthology of studies of ethnic groups, especially of Otavaleños, in the Province of Imbabura, by national and international scholars. Although individually these essays focus on various themes (such as shamanism, handicrafts, folklore, oral literature, and music) they are all concerned with "popular culture" and the issue of cultural identity.
Contents: Carlos Alberto Coba Andrade, "Fundamentos para la definición de una política de investigación" (p. 11-19); Celso A. Lara Figueroa, "Reflexiones sobre dos aspectos de la cultura popular" (p. 21-26); Elisabeth Rohr, "El sueño de volar" (p. 27-60); Linda D'Amico, "Artesanía e identidad cultural: una cuestión de historia, ideología y elección" (p. 61-69); Hernán Jaramillo Cisneros, "La cestería de Imbabura" (p. 71-87); Jaime Hernando Parra Rizo and Claudia Afanador H., "La fiesta de Jongovito: las guaguas de pan en San Pedro" (p. 89-101); Lola Cisneros de Coba and Clara León Vinueza, "Juegos infantiles de tradición oral en el area urbana de Otavalo" (p. 101-142); María Ramírez, "Folklore y educación" (p. 143-169); Julio Bueno, "La bomba en la Cuenca del Chota-Mira: sincretismo o nueva realidad" (p. 171-193); and Peter Banning, "El sanjuanito o sanjuan en Otavalo" (p. 195-217).
8027. Estrategias de supervivencia en la comunidad andina, J. Sánchez-Parga [et al.], 1ª ed. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1984. 290 p.
Contents: Francisco Rhon Dávila, "Presentación"; José Sánchez-Parga, "Estrategias de supervivencia"; Manuel Chiriboga, "Campesinado andino y estrategias de empleo"; Galo Ramón V., "El comportamiento de las comunidades de Cangahua frente a los riesgos agrícolas"; José Sánchez-Parga, "Estructuras espaciales del parentesco en los Andes"; Andrés Guerrero, "Estrategias campesinas indígenas de reproducción: de apegado a huasipungero (Cayambe-Ecuador)"; J. Durston and A. Crivelli, "Diferenciación campesina en la sierra ecuatoriana."
8028. Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. "A Mountain Colony in Ecuador," El Palacio, 52:7 (July 1945), 129-137.
Daily life and collective work (minga) in Buenos Aires, Imbabura Province.
8029. La Fiesta religiosa campesina (Andes ecuatorianos), investigación dirigida por Marco Vinicio Rueda. Quito: Ediciones de la Universidad Católica, 1982. 395 p.
8030. Garcés, Victor Gabriel. Condiciones psíquico-sociales del indio en la Provincia de Imbabura; El indio factor de nuestra nacionalidad. Quito: [s.n.], 1931. 174 p.
8031. Garcés, Victor Gabriel. "El indio ecuatoriano y la coca," América indígena, 5:4 (oct./dic. 1945), 287-293.
8032. Gillin, John. "Quichua-Speaking Indians of Northern Ecuador," American Anthropologist, 38:4 (Oct./Dec. 1936), 548-553.
8033. Guerrero, Andrés. "Unité domestique et reproduction sociale: la communauté huasipungo," Annales, economies, sociétés, civilisations, 41:3 (mai/juin 1986), 683-701.
A socioeconomic study of pre-agrarian reform haciendas in the northern highlands as autonomous communities. Also published in a somewhat different version in Spanish as: "Estrategias campesinas indígenas de reproducción: de apegado a huasipungero (Cayambe-Ecuador)" in Estrategias de supervivencia en la comunidad andina (item 8027).
8034. Hartmann, Roswith. "Cochasquí," Miscelánea antropológica ecuatoriana, 2:2 (1982), 24-30.
Field notes of ethnographic research from 1964 and 1965.
8035. Hirschkind, Lynn. "Bedeviled Ethnography," American Ethnologist, 21:1 (Feb. 1994), 201-204.
A critique of Mary M. Crain's "Poetics and Politics" (item 8019).
8036. Hirschkind, Lynn. "Redefining the 'Field' in Fieldwork," Ethnology, 30:3 (July 1991), 237-249.
A critique of the limitations inherent in standard fieldwork and the shortcomings of the alleged holistic descriptions achieved by ethnographers. Suggests that "anthropologists drop academic auspices and take on locally defined roles having relevance to their research topics" in order to situate themselves "as plainly and concisely as possible within the social structure and culture in question . . ." In order to exemplify the disadvantages of the standard approach and the advantages of the approach advocated, Hirschkind compares and contrasts the findings of the "objective" Whitten and the "subjective" Thomsen regarding the blacks of Esmeraldas as presented in items 5905 and 5908. N.B. Of course, Hirschkind recognizes "the complementarity of the two approaches."
8037. Indians in Misery: A Preliminary Report on the Colta Lake Zone, Chimborazo, Ecuador: a Report Prepared for and in Collaboration with the Ecuadorian Institute of Agrarian Reform and Colonization. Ithaca, N.Y.: Andean Indian Community Research and Development Project, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, 1965. ii, 165 p.
8038. The Indians of Colta: Essays on the Colta Lake Zone, Chimborazo (Ecuador), editor, Eileen Maynard. Ithaca, N.Y.: Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, 1966. iii, 153 p.
8039. Indians of the High Andes: Report of the Commission Appointed by the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America to Study the Indians of the Andean Highlands with a View to Establishing a Cooperative Christian Enterprise, W. Stanley Rycroft, chairman of the Commission and editor of the report. New York: The Committee, 1946. 330 p.
Pseudo-ethnographic report by a group of Protestant missionaries on the culture and conditions of highland Indians in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Sponsored by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U.S.
8040. Klumpp, Kathleen M. "Black Traders of North Highland Ecuador," Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Norman E. Whitten, Jr. and John F. Szwed (New York: Free Press, 1970), p. 245-262.
8041. Knapp, Gregory W. Geografía quichua de la sierra del Ecuador: núcleos, dominios y esfera. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1987. 75 p.
8042. La Paz: un pueblo mestizo de la Provincia del Carchi, Aníbal Buitrón [et al.]. Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Geografía, 1952. 125 p.
8043. Martínez Valle, Luciano; and Alonso Azocar A. Comunidades del maíz y comunidades de la papa. Quito: CIRE, 1987. 52 p. Chiefly ill.
Primarily a photographic essay on the peasant communities of Cotacachi in the Province of Imbabura and Toacazo in the Province of Cotopaxi. Martínez V. prepared the text and Azocar A. took the photographs.
8044. Meisch, Lynn A. "We Are Sons of Atahualpa and We Will Win: Traditional Dress in Otavalo and Saraguro, Ecuador," Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: an Anthology, edited by Margot Blum Schevill, Janet Catherine Berlo, [and] Edward B. Dwyer (New York: Garland, 1991), p. 145-177.
A study of continuity and change in the manufacture, use, and significance of traditional dress among the Otavaleños and Saraguros.
8045. Mencías Chávez, Jorge. Riobamba, Ecuador: estudio de la elevación socio-cultural y religiosa del indio. Freiburgo: Oficina Internacional de Investigaciones Sociales de FERES, 1962. 154 p.
8046. Montaluisa Chasiquiza, Luis Octavio. "La cultura quichua: aportes para el análisis de algunos de sus componentes," Cultura, 7:21a (ene./abr. 1985), 433-450.
8047. Morales, Edmundo. The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995. xxvii, 177 p.
A sympathetic portrait of the traditional and changing roles of the guinea pig in the indigenous and mestizo cultures of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia by a trained scholar and Quechua speaker.
8048. Moreno Romero, Hugo O. Introducción a la filosofía indígena desde la perspectiva de Chimborazo. Riobamba: Edit. Riobamba, 1983. 290 p.
8049. Moya, Ruth. Muscuintin, inintinmi muyumunchic = Girando en torno a sueños y creencias. Quito: CEDIME, 1988. 74 p.
In Quichua and Spanish.
8050. Moya, Ruth. Simbolismo y ritual en el Ecuador andino; El quichua en el español de Quito. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1981. 334 p. (Colección Pendoneros; 40)
Two works in one. The first is an ethnography of rituals and symbolism in highland Ecuador; the second attempts to reconstruct the Quichua of Quito and Spanish as spoken at the time of the Spanish conquest, and examines the influence of Quichua on Spanish as spoken in the 1970s in and around the capital.
8051. Moya, Ruth. Los tejidos y el poder ... y el poder de los tejidos. Quito: CEDIME, 1988. 84 p.
8052. Muller, Richard. Estudios etnológicos sobre los aborígenes de los Andes ecuatoriales, 2ª ed. Santo Domingo: Casa Edit. Montalvo, 1929. 57 p.
8053. Preston, David. "Pressures on Chimborazo Indians," Geographical Magazine, 50 (Jan. 1978), 613-618.
8054. Quevedo Coronel, Rafael. El indio en la región interandina del Ecuador: estudio biológico, psíquico y sociológico. Quito: Tall. Gráf. de Educación, 1938. 30 p.
8055. Rivet, Paul. "Etude sur les Indiens de Riobamba," Journal de la Société des américanistes, 1 (1904), 55-80.
8056. Rodríguez Sandoval, Leónidas. "Drinking Motivations among the Indians of the Ecuadorian Sierra," Primitive Man, 18:3/4 (July/Oct. 1945), 39-46.
8057. Rodríguez Sandoval, Leónidas. Vida económica-social del indio libre de la sierra ecuatoriana. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1949. ix, 137 p.
The author's doctoral dissertation.
8058. Rubio Orbe, Gonzalo. Nuestros indios: estudio geográfico, histórico y social de los indios ecuatorianos, especialmente aplicado a la Provincia de Imbabura. Quito: Impr. de la Universidad, 1946. 382 p.
8059. Sánchez-Parga, José. Faccionalismo, organización y proyecto étnico en los Andes. Quito: CAAP, Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1989. 316 p.
8060. Sánchez-Parga, José. Presente y futuro de los pueblos indígenas: análisis y propuestas, 2ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1992. 97 p.
8061. Sánchez-Parga, José. La trama del poder en la comunidad andina. Quito: CAAP, 1986. 456 p.
8062. Santana, Roberto. Campesinado indígena y el desafío de la modernidad, 1ª ed. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1983. 209 p.
A study of traditional agriculture and resistence to "development" among Indians of the highlands, especially in the Province of Loja.
8063. Stark, Louisa R. "Folk Models of Stratification and Ethnicity in the Highlands of Northern Ecuador," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 387-401.
A study of the Canton of Cotacachi in the Province of Imbabura.
8064. Weismantel, Mary J. Food, Gender, and Poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. xii, 234 p.
An in-depth study of the role of food and meals in the everyday life of the civil/ecclesiastical parish of Zumbagua in the páramos of the Province of Cotopaxi. Includes a summary chapter on the demography, ecology, sociopolitical geography, and history of the parish, a hacienda prior to the agrarian reform of the mid-1960s.
Also published in Spanish as: Alimentación, género y pobreza en los Andes ecuatorianos. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994. 341 p.
8065. Weismantel, Mary J. "Maize Beer and Andean Social Transformations: Drunken Indians, Bread Babies, and Chosen Women," Modern Language Notes, 106 (Sept. 1991), 861-879.
8066. Bernand-Muñoz, Carmen. Enfermedad, daño e ideología: antropología médica de los renacientes de Pindilig. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1986. 213 p.
Originally published in French as: La solitude des renaissants: malheurs et sorcellerie dans los Andes. Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1985. 236 p.
An ethnographic and ethnohistorical study of traditional medicine and ideology in an isolated village in the Province of Cañar, the inhabitants of which have lost many of their pre-Hispanic roots without as of yet having been fully incorporated into regional, let alone national, society. Based on the author's doctoral thesis: "Les renaissants de Pindilig (Province de Cañar)." 1981. Université de Paris VII.
8067. Bernand-Muñoz, Carmen. "The Many Deaths of Manuel: Illness and Fate in the Andes," History and Anthropology, 2:1 (Sept. 1985), 145-152.
The "many deaths" refers to the many interpretations to which death is subject and to the many meanings that may be ascribed to the demise of any given individual, by him/herself (before or while dying), by surviving members of his/her family, by the community, etc.
8068. Bernand-Muñoz, Carmen. Pindilig: un village des Andes équatoriennes. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1992. 428 p.
Apparently the final and definitive instalment in the author's study of this Cañar village.
8069. Brownrigg, Leslie Ann. "El papel de los ritos de pasaje en la integración social de los Cañaris Quichuas del austro ecuatoriano," Revista de antropología (Cuenca), 3 (1971), 203-214.
8070. Brownrigg, Leslie Ann; and Feura Bush. "Variaciones del parentesco cañari," Temas sobre la continuidad y adaptación cultural ecuatoriana (item 7965), p. 25-41.
8071. Expresiones culturales andinas en Azuay y Cañar: estudios de casos en tres parroquias rurales. Cuenca: Universidad de Cuenca, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, 1992. 2 v. (602 p.)
8072. Fock, Niels. "Ethnicity and Alternative Identification: An Example from Cañar," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 402-419.
Reports on author's fieldwork in Juncal, undertaken between 1973 and 1974. Maintains that "Indians must be characterized as an ethnic group" whereas mestizos constitute "a regional group." Also that the Cañar Indians are not simply runa but a distinct ethnic group, dating back to Incan and pre-Incan times. Reprinted from: Cultural Imperialism and Cultural Identity: Proceedings of the 8th Conference of Nordic Ethnographers/Anthropologists, [edited by] Carola Sandbacka (Helsinki: The Finnish Anthropological Society, 1977), p. 157-184. For an opposing view see item 6377.
8073. Fock, Niels. "The Topographic Space: Cañar Indian Conceptualization of the Landscape," Folk, 33 (1991), 211-228.
Maintains that irrigation not only shapes the landscape in the Provinces of Cañar and Azuay but also the consciousness of the Cañar Indians.
8074. Fock, Niels and Eva Krener. "Los Cañaris del Ecuador y sus conceptos etnohistóricos sobre los Incas," Amerikanistische Studien: Festschrift fur Herman Trimborn, Roswith Hartmann, Udo Oberem, herausgeber (St. Augustin: Haus Völker und Kulturen, Anthropos-Institut, 1978), vol. 1, p. 170-181.
8075. Fock, Niels and Eva Krener. "Informe sobre 'El viaje de investigación etnográfica danesa 1973-1974 a los indios cañari de Ecuador'," Revista del Instituto Azuayo de Folklore, 7 (jul. 1981), 9-26.
Also published in: Revista de antropología (Cuenca), 7 (nov. 1981), 9-26.
8076. Holm, Olaf. "Ignacio, la alfarera de Cerro Alto (Ecuador)," Cuadernos de historia y arqueología, 17:33 (1967), 240-284.
Cerro Alto is in the Province of Cañar.
8077. Holm, Olaf. "La técnica alfarera de Jatunpampa (Ecuador)," Cuadernos de historia y arqueología, 11:27 (1961), 153-229.
8078. Krener, Eva. Juncal: en Indianerkommune i Ecuador. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet, 1977. 128 p.
8079. Meisch, Lynn A. "Abel Rodas, the Last Ikat Poncho Weaver in Chordeleg," El Palacio, 87:4 (Winter 1981/1982), 27-32.
8080. Meisch, Lynn A. "The Cañari People: Their Costume and Weaving," El Palacio, 86:3 (Fall 1980), 15-26.
Items 8079 and 8080 are important contributions to the scant literature on indigenous crafts in Ecuador. Furthermore, they are well written and illustrated.
8081. Meisch, Lynn A. "Spinning in Ecuador," Spin-Off, 4 (1980), 24-29.
8082. Robles Lopez, Marco. Teogonía y demiurgos en la cultura Cañar, 2ª ed. aum. Cuenca: Latina Editores, 1988. 99 p.
8083. Salomon, Frank. "Ancestors, Grave Robbers, and the Possible Antecedents of Cañari 'Incaism'," Natives and Neighbors in South America: Anthropological Essays, edited by Harold O. Skar and Frank Salomon (Gothenburg: Göteborgs Etnografiska Museum, 1987), p. 207-232.
8084. Zaruma Quishpilema, Bolívar Luis. Hatun Cañar apunchichunamanta nishcallata yuyashca = Mitos y creencias de hatun Cañar. Cuenca: Misión Luterana, 1989. 2 v. (295 p.)
In Quichua and Spanish.
8085. Zaruma Quishpelema, Bolívar Luis. Identidad de hatun Cañar a través de su folklore = Imashina causashcacunahuan hatun Cañar ima laya cashcata ricuchicushcamanta. Cuenca: Monsalve Moreno Cía. Ltda., 1990. 2 v. (244 p.)
In Quichua and Spanish.
Apparently Otavaleños now prefer to be called Otavalos, but I have retained the traditional usage if for no other reason than it was prevalent at the time this bibliography was compiled.
8086. Ares Queija, Berta. Los corazas: ritual andino en Otavalo, 1ª ed. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología; Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. 176 p.
Describes and analyzes the Coraza ritual, as held in San Rafael de la Laguna, during Holy Week, and the celebration of San Luis Obispo in Aug.
8087. Barlett, Peggy F. "Reciprocity and the San Juan Fiesta," Journal of Anthropological Research, 36:1 (Spring 1980), 116-130.
A study of the role of reciprocity in the San Juan fiesta among Otavaleños. In this age the gifts exchanged are alcohol. The specific community studied was Agato. The field research was undertaken in 1970 and 1977.
8088. Buitrón, Aníbal. "Fiestas indígenas en Otavalo: San Luís," Boletín de informaciones científicas nacionales (Quito), 20/21 (1949), 62-66.
8089. Buitrón, Aníbal. "Panorama de la aculturación en Otavalo, Ecuador," América Indígena, 22:4 (oct./dic. 1962), 313-322.
8090. Buitrón, Aníbal. "La situación económica y social del indio otavaleño," América indígena, 7:1 (ene./mar. 1947), 45-62.
8091. Buitrón, Aníbal. Taita Imbabura: vida indígena en los Andes. Quito: Misión Andina, 1964. 107 p.
8092. Buitrón, Aníbal; and Barbara Salisbury Buitrón. "Indios, blancos, y mestizos en Otavalo, Ecuador," Acta americana, 3:3 (jul./sept. 1945), 190-216.
8093. Casagrande, Joseph. "The Looms of Otavalo," Natural History, 86:8 (Aug. 1977), 48-59.
8094. Collier, John, Jr.; and Aníbal Buitrón. The Awakening Valley. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1971. 196 p.
Photofacsimile reprint; originally published: Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. Also published in Spanish as: El valle del amanecer, 1ª ed. en español. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1971. 199 p.
The classic account of the Otavaleños.
8095. Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudi. "Architectural Conspicuous Consumption and Economic Change in the Andes," American Anthropologist, 96:4 (Dec. 1994), 845-865.
A study of the economic and social roles of architecture among otavaleños in the late twentieth century. The community studied is Ariasucu. The field work was conducted between 1991 and 1994.
8096. Chavez, Leo R. "Commercial Weaving and the Entrepreneurial Ethnic: Otavalo Indian Views of Self and the World." 1982. xii, 319 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University.
8097. D'Amico, Linda. "Artesanía e identidad cultural: una cuestión de historia, ideología y elección," Ecuador indígena: sincretismo y identidad en las culturas nativas de la sierra norte (item 8027), p. 1-88.
8098. Hein, Kurt. Radio Baha'i, Ecuador: a Baha'i Development Project. Oxford: G. Ronald, 1988. vi, 215 p.
8099. Iturralde G., Diego A. Guamote: campesinos y comunas. Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, 1980. 221 p.
8100. Meisch, Lynn. Otavalo: Weaving, Costume and the Market. Quito: Libri Mundi, 1987. 189 p.
A detailed study of traditional weaving and production for the tourist trade, autochthonous clothing, and recourse to trade for profit among the Otavaleños. Based extensive field research, conducted on and off between 1978 and 1986. Well illustrated, but unfortunately, not in color.
8101. Nuestras comunidades: ayer y hoy = Nucanchic aillu llactacuna naupa: cunan pachapash, [Tanya Korovkin et al.], 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994. 120 p.
An introduction to Otavaleño communities and to their history. In Spanish and Quichua.
8102. Parsons, Elsie Clews. Peguche: a Study of Andean Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945. viii, 225 p.
The first ethnographic study of an Ecuadorian community. Based on field research conducted in 1940 and 1941.
8103. Rivera, Fredy. Guangudos, identidad y sobrevivencia: obreros indígenas en las fábricas de Otavalo. Quito: Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1988. 107 p.
8104. Rubio Orbe, Gonzalo. Punyaro: estudio de antropología social y cultural de una comunidad indígena y mestiza. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1956. 422 p.
An ethnographic study of an Indian and mestizo community in the Valley of Otavalo.
8105. Villavicencio Rivadeneira, Gladys. Relaciones interétnicas en Otavalo, Ecuador: ¿una nacionalidad india en formación? México: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1973. xxiv, 317 p.
8106. Walter, Lynn E. "Interaction and Organization in an Ecuadorian Indian Highland Community." 1976. vi, 252 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison.
A study of social structure and relations in Carabuela.
8107. Walter, Lynn E. "Otavaleño Development, Ethnicity, and National Integration," América indígena, 41:2 (apr./jun. 1981), 319-337.
8108. Walter, Lynn E. "Social Strategies and the Fiesta Complex in an Otavaleño Community," American Ethnologist, 8:1 (Feb. 1981), 172-185.
A study of Ahuango.
8109. Weinstock, Steven. "The Adaptation of Otavalo Indians to Urban and Industrial Life in Quito, Ecuador." 1973. 173 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Cornell University.
8110. Weinstock, Steven. "Ethnic Conceptions and Relations of Otavalo Indian Migrants in Quito, Ecuador," Anuario indigenista, 30 (1970), 157-167.
Based on field research conducted between July 1969 and Aug. 1970.
The Salasacas are a small, distinct ethnic group in the Province of Tungurahua southeast of Ambato. Their community is divided by the road to Baños. As of July, 1997, the history, "language," and ethnography of the Salasacas were poorly known, but see Peter Wogan's 1997 doctoral dissertation, "Nationalism, Historical Consciousness, and Literacy in Highland Ecuador" (Brandeis University; ix, 316 leaves). They may have been mitimas from what is now Bolivia in origin. Apparently they speak a distinct dialect of Quichua. See also item 8661.
8111. Carrasco A., Eulalia Salasaca: la organización social y el alcalde. Quito: Mundo Andino, 1982. 135 p.
8112. Colomona, Carlos; and Duncan Pedersen. "Salud y enfermedad de un contexto étnico: Salasacas," Cultura, 7:21 (ene./abr. 1985), 583-635.
8113. Peñaherrera de Costales, Piedad; and Alfredo Costales Samaniego. Los Salasacas. Quito: Instituto Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Geografía, 1959. 171 p. "Llacta"; no. 8.
8114. Scheller, Ulf. El mundo de los Salasacas, fotografiado por Wulf Weiss. Guayaquil: Fundación Antropológica Ecuatoriana, 1972. 32 p., [44] p. of plates)
In Spanish and English.
The leading authorities on the Saraguros are the spouses Jim Belote and Linda Smith Belote, and Ruthbeth D. Finerman. As of 1999, Prejuicio y orgullo: relaciones indio-blancos en Saraguro, Ecuador, the Spanish version of Linda Smith Belote's dissertation (item 8117), to be published by Abya-Yala, was still in press, but at least Jim Belote's 1984 Montana State University Ph.D. thesis, "Changing Adaptive Strategies among the Saraguros of Southern Ecuador," finally appeared in 1998 as Los saraguros del sur del Ecuador, 2ªed. [sic] (Quito: Abya-Yala; 404, [14] p). For Finerman's contributions see items 8551-8557.
8115. Belote, Jim; and Linda Smith Belote. "The Limitation of Obligation in Saraguro Kinship," Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited by Ralph Bolton and Enrique Mayer (Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1977), p. 106-116.
8116. Belote, Jim; and Linda Smith Belote. "El sistema de cargos de fiestas en Saraguro," Temas sobre la continuidad y adaptación cultural ecuatoriana (item 7965), p. 47-73.
N.B. Not a Spanish version of item 8119, but a separate study.
8117. Belote, Linda Smith. "Prejudice and Pride: Indian White Relations in Saraguro, Ecuador." 1978. 232 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois, Urbana.
8118. Belote, Linda Smith; and Jim Belote. "Development in Spite of Itself: The Saraguro Case," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 450-476.
Examines the impact of Catholic and Protestant activities in Saraguro on the one hand, and the Andean Mission and community development on the other, from the 1950s through the early 1970s.
8119. Belote, Linda Smith and Jim Belote. "Drain From the Bottom: Individual Ethnic Identity Change in Southern Ecuador," Social Forces, 63:1 (Sept. 1984), 24-50.
8120. Calderón, Alfonso. Saraguro Huasi: la casa en la "tierra del maíz." Quito: Separación de Colores, 1985. 431 p.
8121. Masson, Peter. "'Cholo' y 'china': contenidos situacionales, de dos términos interétnicos en Saraguro (Ecuador)," Journal de la Société de américanistes, 64 (1977), 107-114.
8122. Meisch, Lynn A. "Costume and Weaving in Saraguro, Ecuador," Textile Museum Journal, 19-20 (1980-1981), 55-64.
8123. Punín de Jiménez, Dolores E. "Los Saraguros: estudio socio-económico y cultural," Revista de antropología (Cuenca), 5 (dic. 1974), 200-264.
8124. Los Saraguros: fiesta y ritualidad, Luis Aurelio Chalán Guaman [et al.]; compiladores, Linda y Jim Belote, 1ª ed. Quito: Universidad Politécnica Salesiana: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994. 257 p.
8125. Tual, Anny. Contribution à l'étude des Indiens Saraguro du Sud de l'Equateur. Paris: Institut Ethnologie, 1965. 2 v.
There is no subdivision on the Zaparo because almost no literature exists on this nearly extinct, if not already extinct, ethnic group--there were only 24 known speakers as of 1991--but see the chapter by Héctor Vargas in item 8126.
8126. Amazon Worlds: Peoples and Cultures of Ecuador's Amazon Region, [editors] Noemi Paymal, Catalina Sosa, 1st ed. Quito: Sinchi Sacha Foundation, 1993. 204 p.
A solid, readable introduction to the traditional cultures and surviving ethnic groups--several of which were on the verge of extinction as of the early 1990s, and may now be extinct--of the Oriente.
Contents: Juan Aulestia, "Preface" (p. 13); Catalina Sosa, "Introduction" (p. 14-16); Ernesto Salazar, "Traces of the Past: the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Ecuador's Amazon Region" (p. 18-45); Karl Gartelmann, "World of the Siona, Secoya and Cofan: the Time of Yagé" (p. 46-63); Noemi Paymal, "The World of Huaorani: Daily Life" (p. 64-81); Héctor Vargas, "The World of the Zaparo: the Roads to Death" (p. 82-95); Dorothea S. Whitten and Norman E. Whitten, "The World of the Canelos Quichua: Culture, Ceramics and Continuity" (p. 96-111); Philippe Descola, "The World of the Achuar: the People of the Aguaje Palm" (p. 112-129); Tsawant Chumpi, "The World of the Shuar: from Myth to Culture" (p. 130-143); Carlos Viteri, "Mythical Worlds: Runa" (p. 144-157); José Juncosa, "The World of the Shaman: the Shaman, Resident of All Worlds" (p. 158-178); "Appendices" (p. 179-197).
Also published in Spanish as: Mundos amazónicos: pueblos y culturas de la Amazonia ecuatoriana, 1ª ed. Quito: Fundación Sinchi Sacha, 1993.
8127. Amazonia ecuatoriana: la otra cara del progreso, Norman E. Whitten, Jr. [et al.]. [Sucúa?]: Mundo Shuar, 1981. 229 p.
Consists of seven essays by anthropologists on the Canelos Quichua, the Shuar, and the Achuar, originally published in Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939).
Contents: Norman E. Whitten, Jr. "La Amazonia actual en la base de los Andes: Una confluencia étnica en la perspectiva ecológica, social e ideológica" (p. 11-58); Ernesto Salazar "La Federación Shuar y la frontera de la colonización," traducción de Margarita Páez (p. 59-82); Philippe Descola, "Del habitat disperso a los asentamientos nucleados: un proceso de cambio socio-económico entre los Achuar," traducción de Eliana Correa e Isabel Salvador (p. 83-113); Anne-Christine Taylor, "La riqueza de Dios: los Achuar y las misiones," traducción de Verónica Vela, Clara Correa y Pilar Vilanova (p. 114-143); William Belzner, "Música, modernización y occidentalización entre los Shuar de Macuma," traducción de Lilian Granda de Guayasamín (p. 145-165); Theodore Macdonald, Jr., "Respuesta indígena a una frontera de expansión: conversión económica de la selva quichua en hacienda ganadera," traducción de Rose Marie Játiva y Sandra Reed (p. 167-194); and Dorothea Whitten, "Antiguas tradiciones en un contexto contemporáneo: cerámica y simbolismo de los Canelos Quichua en la región amazónica ecuatoriana," traducción de Verónica Suárez, Lorena Barberis, Inés Abdo, (p. 195-227).
8128. Bolow, Ulrich Krauss. Kunkintsa: En Indianerlandsby i Amazonas. Copenhagen: National Museet, 1978. 128 p.
8129. Calderón, Alfonso. "Vivienda, medio ambiente y cambio de las estructuras sociales," Cultura, 8:24c (ene./abr. 1986), 725-741.
Examines impact of incorporation into national society and market economy on the Shuar and Achuar, Siona and Secoya, Quilota, Salasaca, and Awa (or Cuaiquer).
8130. Cerón Solarte, Benhur. El manejo indígena de la selva pluvial tropical: orientaciones para un desarrollo sostenido, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Roma: Movimiento Laicos para América Latina, 1991. 256 p.
8131. Fugler, Charles M.; and Wallace L. Swanson. "Biological and Ethnological Observations on the Cofán, Secoya, and Awishiri Indians of Eastern Tropical Ecuador," Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 51 (1971), 106-119.
8132. Gil, Richard C. "Curari, the Flying Death," Natural History, 36 (Nov. 1935), 278-292.
8133. Hames, Raymond B.; and William T. Vickers. "Teorías sobre las respuestas adaptativas de los nativos de la Amazonia," Hombre y ambiente (Quito), 1:3 (jul./sept. 1987), 45-89.
8134. Macdonald, Theodore, Jr. "Tierras indígenas en Ecuador: un estudio de caso," América indígena, 43:3 (jul./set. 1983), 555-568.
A study of the differential success of the Canelos Quichua and Shuar on the one hand and of the Cofan, Siona and Secoya, and Huaorani on the other in retention of their habitats and therefore territories.
8135. Naranjo, Marcelo F. "Zonas de refugio y adaptación étnica en el Oriente: siglos XVI-XVII-XVIII," Temas sobre la continuidad y adaptación cultural ecuatoriana (item xxxx), p. 105-169.
8136. Peñaherrera de Costales, Piedad; and Alfredo Costales Samaniego. "La familia etno-lingüística Zápara," Ethos, 1 (1975), 3-30.
8137. Población indígena y desarrollo amazónico, Ministerio de Bienestar Social, Oficina Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1984. 157 p.
Consists of papers and statements on Indians of the Amazon by various groups and individuals, including representatives of the Oficina Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas (Ecuador), in light of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty of 1978.
8138. Relaciones interétnicas y adaptación cultural entre Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna y Canelos Quichua, 44 Congreso de Americanistas, Manchester 1982. Quito: Mundo Shuar: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1984. 266 p.
Papers presented at 44th International Congress of Americanistas (Manchester, 1982).
Partial contents: Luis M. Uriarte, "¿Reductores reducidos?: fronteras étnicas de los Jíbaro-Achuara" (p. 16-44); Charlotte Seymour Smith, "Estrategia e identidad: transformaciones en la sociedad jívaro peruana" (p. 46-54); Carlos Zanutto, "Relaciones con otros grupos étnicos y adaptaciones culturales en la 'política oficial' de la Federación Shuar: principios y casos concretos" (p. 56-74); Michael F. Brown, "La cara oscura del progreso: el suicidio entre los Aguaruna del Lago Mayo" (p. 76-88); Anne Christine Taylor, "La alianza matrimonial y sus variaciones estructurales en las sociedades jívaro" (p. 90-108); Messimo Amadio and A. Lucía D'Emilio, "La alianza entre los Candospí Murato del Alto Amazonas" (p. 110-122); Eric B. Ross, "La evolución de la economía de los Jívaros en el contexto de la economía mundial" p. 124-143); Lionel Vallee and Robert R. Crepeau, "La guerra entre los Shuar (Jívaro): la búsqueda del poder" (p. 172-190); Norman E. Whitten, Jr. "Hacia la conceptualización del poder en la Amazonia ecuatoriana" (p. 192-210); Antonio Colajanni, "Prácticas chamanicas y cambio social: la muerte de un hechicero achuar, hechos e interpretaciones" (p. 228-249); and Domingo Bottasso, "Las misiones y la aculturación de los Shuar" (p. 253-264).
8139. Robinson, Scott S. El etnocidio ecuatoriano. México, D.F.: Universidad Iberoamericana, 1971. 37 p.
In this and item 8140 Robinson argues that between "internal colonialism" (that is to say, the colonization of the Oriente by highlanders) and the economic exploitation of the region's natural resources, especially petroleum, the ethnic groups of the Upper Amazon Basin will be absorbed or eliminated. "That is Ecuadorian ethnocide."
8140. Robinson, Scott S. "Some Aspects of the Spontaneous Colonization of the Selva Communities of Ecuador," The Situation of the Indian in South America: Contributions to the Study of Inter-Ethnic Conflict in the Non-Andean Regions of South America, edited by W. Dostal (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), p. 108-114.
8141. Romero Simancas, Nelson. "La cultura selvícola frente a los problemas contemporáneos y la situación de las poblaciones indígenas selvícolas del Ecuador," América indígena, 34:3 (jul./sept. 1974), 713-739.
8142. Steward, Julian H.; and Alfred Métraux. "Tribes of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Montaña," Handbook of South American Indians, Julian H. Steward, editor, vol. 3 (Washington,D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1947), p. 535-656.
Considerably dated but important to the extent that it constituted a more or less valid portrait of ethnic groups of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Oriente as of the early 1940s. See esp. p. 617-656.
8143. Tschopik, Harry. Indians of the Montaña. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1952. 23 p.
As of the early 1990s there were about 3,000 Achuar in the Provinces of Pastaza and Morona-Santiago. The two principal authorities on this group were the husband and wife team of Philippe Descola and Anne Christine Taylor, who spent more than two years among the Achuar in the late 1970s. In addition to the works listed below, see Philippe Descola's Les lances du crépuscule: relations jivaros, Haute Amazon (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1993; 505 p.), also published in English as: The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle (New York: The New Press, 1996; 458 p.). Les lances du crépuscule is much more readable than his La nature domestique--Descola's rite de passage into the increasingly arcane realms of academic anthropology.
Not incidentally the disparate way in which Descola's La nature domestique and Les lances du crépuscule have been subject headed and classified exemplify why library catalog records are increasingly useless to scholars. La nature domestique has as Library of Congress subject headings: "Achuar Indians -- Agriculture"; "Achuar Indians -- Social conditions"; "Achuar Indians -- Religion"; "Human ecology -- Amazon River Region"; "Subsistence economy -- Amazon River Region"; and "Conservation of natural resources -- Amazon River Region." And was classified by the Library of Congress under Achuar Indians (F3430.1.A25). Les lances du crépuscule, on the other hand, is Library of Congress subject headed "Jivaran Indians -- Social conditions" and "Amazon River Region -- Social conditions," and classified under "Jivaran Indians" (F2230.2.J58). But both works are about not just the Achuar and therefore not two or more of the four ethnic groups in the Upper Amazon Basin that constitute the so-called "Jivaran" family, but the exact same families and individuals.
8144. Arnalot, José. Lo que los Achuar me han enseñado, 3ª ed. Sucúa: Ediciones Mundo Shuar, 1992. 266 p.
8145. Descola, Philippe. "From Scattered to Nucleated Settlement: a Process of Socioeconomic Change among the Achuar," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 614-646.
Examines the impact of what amounts to the reduction of the Achuar to caseríos centered on airstrips opened by Catholic Salesians and Protestant missionaries, beginning in the 1970s, and the impact of settlement or village life on an ethnic group that traditionally lived in widely dispersed households. Also published in Spanish in item 8127. See also item 8157.
8146. Descola, Philippe. "Homeostasis as a Cultural System: the Jivaro Case," Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Anna Roosevelt (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), p. 203-224.
8147. Descola, Philippe. In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. xviii, 372 p.
Revised English version of La nature domestique (item 8149).
8148. Descola, Philippe. "El jardín del colibrí: procesos de trabajo y categorizaciones sexuales entre los Achuar del Ecuador," Cultura, 7:19 (mayo/ago. 1984), 33-61.
Originally published in French as: "Le jardin de colibrí: procès de travail et catégorisations sexuales chez les Achuar de l'Equateur," L'Homme, 33:1 (jan./mar. 1983), 61-89.
8149. Descola, Philippe. La nature domestique: symbolisme et praxis dans l'ecologie des Achuar. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1986. 450 p.
A comprehensive ethnographical study of the Achuar, especially of their utilization and perception of their environment. Written for specialists. Based on extensive field research conducted in the late 1970s.
Also published in Spanish as: La selva culta: simbolismo y praxis en la ecología de los Achuar, traducción de Juan Carrera Colín y Xavier Catta Quelen, revisada por Frederic Illouz, 2ª ed. en español (Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Roma: MLAL, 1989; 468 p.).
8150. Descola, Philippe. "Territorial Adjustments among the Achaur of Ecuador," Social Science Information / Information sur les sciences sociales, 21:2 (1982), 299-318.
8151. Kelekna, Pita. "Farming, Feuding, and Female Status: the Achuar Case," Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Anna Roosevelt (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), p. 225-248.
8152. Laurini, Osvaldo. Los ultimos Achuar primitivos: aborígenes de la Amazonia ecuatoriana. Quito: Artes Gráf. Señal, 1982. 205 p.
8153. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Cantos de amor de la esposa achuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1978. 225 p.
8154. Ross, Eric Barry. "The Achuara Jivaro: Cultural Adapatation in the Upper Amazon." 1978. xii, 326 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University.
8155. Ross, Eric Barry. "Food Taboos, Diet, and Hunting Strategy: The Adaptation to Animals in Amazon Cultural Ecology," Current Anthropology, 19:1 (Mar. 1978), 1-36.
8156. Ross, Jane Bennett. "Ecology and the Problem of Tribe: a Critique of the Hobbesian Model of Preindustrial Warfare," Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism, edited by Eric B. Ross (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 33-60.
Analyzes "armed conflict at the tribal level, with particular attention to the interrelation of sociopolitical organization, demography, subsistence ecology, colonial impaction, and disease . . ." Based on field work among the "Achuara of the northwest Peruvian Amazon," but presumably the cultural differences between them and their "Ecuadorian cousins" are few, if any.
8157. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "God-Wealth: the Achuar and the Missions," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 647-676.
Focuses on changes in Achuar culture that have resulted from Catholic Salesian and Protestant missionary activities. Especially concerned with the mechanisms of control exercised by the missions. Also published in Spanish in item 8127.
8158. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "The Marriage of Alliance and Its Structural Variations in Jivaroan Societies," Social Science Information / Information sur les sciences sociales, 22:3 (1983), 331-353.
8159. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "Remembering to Forget: Identity, Mourning and Memory among the Jivaro," Man, 28:4 (Dec. 1993), 653-678.
Delineates the role of the dead and "cognitive aspects of mourning" in Achuar culture.
The Canelos Quichua are also known as Pastaza Quichua after the Province in which this group lives. As of the early 1990s, together with the Quijos or Napo Quichua (on whom see items 8202-8205), they numbered about 60,000. The Canelo Quichua have been more or less well studied, unlike the Quijos Quichua. The Canelos Quichua are several centuries old. They appear to have emerged towards the end of the 1600s, under the protection of Dominican missionaries. The Canelos Quichua are made up of descendants of highland Indians, and acculturated Záparos (all but, if not already, extinct as a distinct ethnic group as of the 1990s), Gaes, Quijos (long since extinct as a separate ethnic group), Shuar, and Achuar.
8160. Alarcón Gallecos, Rocío. Etnobotánica de los Quichuas de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Guayaquil: Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1988. 178 p.
8161. Chango, Alfonso. Yachaj sami yachachina, compilado por Norman E. Whitten Jr., editado por Carmen Chuquin y Sibby Whitten. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1984. 45 p.
In Quichua and Spanish.
8162. Foletti-Castegnaro, Alessandra. Tradición oral de los Quichuas amazónicos del Aguario y San Miguel. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1985. 264 p.
8163. Hudelson, John E. La cultura quichua de transición: su expansión y desarrollo en el Alto Amazonas, 1ª ed. Guayaquil: Museo Antropológico del Banco Central del Ecuador; Quito: Ediciones Abya Yala, 1987. 221 p.
Publishes the author's doctoral dissertation: "The Expansion and Development of Quichua Transitional Culture in the Upper Amazon Basin." 1981. vii, 323 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University.
8164. Irvine, Dominique. "El manejo del bosque secundario por los Quichuas amazónicos," Hombre y ambiente (Quito), 1:2 (abr./jun. 1987), 121-142.
8165. Irvine, Dominique. "Resource Management by the Runa Indians of the Ecuadorian Amazon." 1987. 306 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University.
8166. Oberem, Udo. "Trade and Trade Goods in the Ecuadorian Montaña," Native South Americans: Ethnology of the Least Known Continent, edited by Patricia J. Lyon (Boston: Little Brown, 1974), p. 346-357.
8167. Reeve, Mary-Elizabeth. Los Quichua del Curaray: el proceso de formación de la identidad, 1ª ed. Guayaquil: Museo, Banco Central del Ecuador; Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. 214 p.
A revision of author's doctoral dissertation: "Identity as Process: the Meaning of Runapura for Quichua Speakers of the Curaray River, Eastern Ecuador." 1985. University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.
A study in ethnic identity and social life and customs.
8168. Sacha pacha: mitos, poesías, sueños y refranes de los Quichua amazónicos, [recopilación de] Juan Santos Ortiz de Villalba. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala: Roma, MLAL, 1989. 309 p.
In Spanish and Quichua.
8169. Sacha pacha: el mundo de la selva, [relatos bilingües recogidos y redactados por] Juan Santos Ortiz de Villalba, ed. bilingüe. Quito: CICAME, 1976. 159 p.
In Spanish and Quichua.
8170. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. "Amazonia Today at the Base of the Andes: An Ethnic Interface in Ecological, Social, and Ideological Perspectives," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 121-161.
A revision of the author's Amazonian Ecuador: an Ethnic Interface in Ecological, Social, and Ideological Perspectives (Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1978; 80 p.; "IWGIA Document"; 34). Also published in Spanish in item 8127.
A solid introduction to the "contemporary" languages and cultures of the autochthonous ethnic groups of the Oriente.
8171. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. "Ecología de las relaciones culturales al noroeste del Ecuador," América indígena, 30:2 (abr./jun. 1970), 345-358.
8172. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. "Ecological Imagery and Cultural Adaptability: The Canelos Quichua of Eastern Ecuador," American Anthropolgoist, 80:4 (Dec. 1978), 836-859.
8173. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. Ecuadorian Ethnocide and Indigenous Ethnogenesis: Amazonian Resurgence Amidst Andean Colonialism. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1976. 39 p.
Also published in: Journal of Ethnic Studies, 4:2 (Summer 1976), 1-22. And in Spanish as: "Etnocidio ecuatoriano y etnogénesis indígena: la resurgencia amazónica ante el colonialismo andino," América indígena, 39:3 (jul./set. 1979), 529-562.
8174. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. "Jungle Quechua Ethnicity: an Ecuadorian Case Study," Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies, editor, Leo A. Despres (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), p. 41-69.
8175. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. Sacha Runa: Ethnicity and Adaptation of Ecuadorian Jungle Quichua, with the assistance of Marcelo F. Naranjo, Marcelo Santi Simbana, Dorothea S. Whitten. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976. xviii, 348 p.
Also published in Spanish as: Sacha runa: etnicidad y adaptación de los quichua hablantes de la Amazonia ecuatoriana. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1987. 367 p.
8176. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. Sicuanga Runa: The Other Side of Development in Amazonian Ecuador. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985. xi, 314 p.
Items 8175 and 8176 are major contributions to the ethnology of the Canelos Quichua, notwithstanding Whitten's infelicity of style--he writes in an admixture of jargon, Quichua, other indigenous languages of the region, and Spanish--and inadequate grounding in the history of the region.
8177. Whitten, Norman E., Jr. and Dorothea S. Whitten. "The Structure of Kinship and Marriage among the Canelos Quichua of East-Central Ecuador," Marriage Practices in Lowland South America, edited by Kenneth M. Kensinger (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), p. 194-220.
As of the early 1990s, there were approximately 500 Cofanes living along the Upper Aguaricio River, the Sinangüe River, and the Ecuadorian-Colombian border. The Cofanes appear to be a pre-Hispanic group. They are known to have resisted the Inca incursion led by Huayna Capac. Reduced in the second half of the twentieth century by Protestant missionaries associated with the SIL to several large, nucleated settlements, the Cofanes have not been well studied but see also the doctoral dissertations by Pinkley (item 8182) and Robinson (item 8183).
8178. Borman, Marlytte Bubs. El arte cofán en tejido de hamacas = The Cofan Art of Hammock Weaving. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992. 27 p. (International Museum of Cultures Publications; 25)
In Spanish and English.
8179. Borman, Marlytte Bubs. Cambios semánticos en la terminología cofán del parentesco: costumbres matrimoniales de los Cofanes. Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1982. 47 p.
8180. Borman, Marlytte Bubs. La cosmología y la percepción histórica de los Cofanes de acuerdo a sus leyendas = Cofán Cosmology and History as Revealed in Their Legends. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1990. 430 p. (Cuadernos etnolingüísticos; 10)
In Spanish and English.
8181. Galliani, Eduardo. "Una visita a las tribus Cofanes y Secoias del Ecuador," Geomundo (Panamá), 2 (feb. 1985), 146-162.
8182. Pinkley, Homeser V. "The Ethno-Ecology of the Kofán Indians." 1973. 259 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University.
8183. Robinson, Scott S. "Toward an Understanding of Kofan Shamanism." Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 1979. vi, 295 p. (Dissertation series, Cornell University. Latin American Studies Program; no. 74)
8184. Tidwell, Mike. Amazon Stanger. New York: Lyons & Burford, 1996. v, 214 p.
A sympathetic account of the Cofan of Zábalo and their American "leader," Randy Borman, and their joint efforts to safeguard their habitat and themselves as a people against the onslaught of the outside world, especially of oil exploiters. Eminently readable but regrettably neither illustrated nor indexed. There is not even a table of contents.
The Huaorani or Waorani, formerly know to the outside world, pejoratively, as Aucas--a generic term for enemies in Quechua and Quichua--were not well known as of the late 1990s, and may still not be well known. Traditionally the majority of information and misinformation came from the accounts of missionaries and travelers. But there are now some scholarly studies based on field work. The ancestral group of the Huaorani may have been the Aushiri, who were supposed to have been "numerous" at the beginning of the seventeenth century. But Laura Rival maintains that the Aushiri were in fact Záparos. What are facts is that prior to the 1956 "massacre" of the five North American evangelicals, hardly anything was known about these people, and that since then, much of our information comes from studies undertaken or sponsored by the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
8185. Baumann, Peter; and Erwin Patzelt. Menschen im Regenwald: Expedition Auka. Dusseldorf: Droste, 1975. 243 p.
A show and tell book about the Huaorani and their "territory." The text is by Baumann and the photographs are by Patzelt.
Also published in French as: Les hommes de la foret de la pluie. Paris: Seghers, 1979. 290 p.
8186. Blomberg, Rolf. The Naked Aucas: An Account of the Indians of Ecuador, translated by F.H. Lyon. London: G. Allen, 1956. 191 p.
Recollections of 1949 expedition into "Auca" country. Primarily an adventure tale.
Originally published in Swedish as: Vildar, en Berättelse om Aucaindianerna i Ecuador. Stockholm: Il. Geber, 1949. 275 p. Also published in Spanish as: Los Aucas desnudos: una reseña de los indios del Ecuador, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1996. 198 p.
8187. Broennimann, Peter. Auca of the Cononaco: Indians of the Ecuadorian Rain Forest. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1981. 184 p.
8188. Elliot, Elisabeth. The Savage My Kinsman. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961. 159 p.
A pseudo-ethnographic account by the widow of one of the five Protestant missionaries killed by Huaorani in 1956. Includes a foreword and photographs by Cornell Capa, a professional photographer for Life, the magazine. Should be read not so much as an account of the "Aucas," but as a memoir by a Protestant Evangelical missionary of her efforts together with those of other missionaries to evangelize and "civilize" "savages."
8189. Gartelmann, Karl Dieter. El mundo perdido de los Aucas = The Lost World of the Aucas, 1ª ed. Quito: Impr. Mariscal, 1977. 228 p.
In Spanish, English, and German.
8190. Grau, Joaquin. Mi vida con los Aucas, 1ª ed. Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1987. 219 p.
8191. Kane, Joe. Savages, 1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1995. xi, 273 p.
Recounts the not altogether unsuccessful efforts of a Huaorani leader to obtain aid from the North American and Ecuadorian governments to stop the exploitation of his people's territory by Maxus Energy and other petroleum companies. An engaging and eminently readable portrait of a people and a culture that few outsiders understand and even fewer seem capable of depicting in intelligible prose.
8192. Karttunen, Frances. Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994. 364 p.
Includes a chapter on Dayome (aka Dayuma), the Huaorani woman who served as an intermediary between some of her people and Rachael Saint.
8193. Naufragos del mar verde: la resistencia de los Huaorani a una integración impuesta, Giovanna Tassi, coordinadora. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala : Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana, 1992. 178 p.
8194. Parlow, Anita. "Worlds in Collision: As Petroleum Development Encroaches on Their Lands, Amazonia's Huaorani People Relize They Must Organize To Survive It," Amicus Journal, 13 (Spring 1991), 33-37.
8195. Patzelt, Erwin. Hijos de la selva ecuatoriana: de brujos y bodequeros, una contribución a la antropología. Guayaquil: Colegio Alemán Humboldt, 1973. [42] p. Chiefly ill.
8196. Rival, Laura. "The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest," Man, 28:4 (Dec. 1993), 635-652.
Maintains that "the Huaorani's conceptualization of their society is informed by their perceptions of differential growth processes in their forest environment, as well as by certain important symbiotic relations existing between plants, animals and people."
8197. Rival, Laura. "Los indígenas Huaorani en la conciencia nacional: alteridad representada y significada," Imágines e imagineros (item 1940), p. 253-292.
Examines the negative image of the "Aucas" as of 1956, when they "assassinated" five Protestant missionaries, and were therefore "bad savages," and as of 1987, when two Catholics religious, a bishop and nun, were killed, but this time around by "good savages." The point of this essay is that very few outsiders, including scholars who pride themselves on their objectivity, have attempted to acquaint themselves with the Huaorani as a people with a culture and a polity of their own.
8198. Smith, Randy. Drama bajo el manto amazónico: el turismo y otros problemas de los Huaorani en la actualidad = Crisis under the Canopy: Tourism and Other Problems Facing the Present Day Huaorani , 1ª ed. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1993. xxiii, 375 p.
In Spanish and English.
8199. Yost, James A. El desarrollo comunitario y la supervivencia etnica: el caso de los Huaorani, Amazonia ecuatoriana. Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1979. 29 p.
8200. Yost, James A. "Twenty Years of Contact: the Mechanisms of Change in Wao ('Auca') Culture," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 677-704.
The years in question are 1958-1977. Focuses on two agents of change, the Summer Institute of Linguistics (including the author himself as well as the controversial Rachael Saint) and "quichuaized" Huaorani women such as Dayome.
8201. Yost, James A.; and Patricia M. Kelley. "Shotguns, Blowguns, and Spears: the Analysis of Technological Efficiency," Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames [and] William T. Vickers (New York: Academic Press, 1983), p. 189-224.
Demonstrates that shotguns (modern technology) are not necessarily more effective than blowguns and spears (traditional technology) in hunting and that the Huaorani apparently have no preference but employ shotguns, blowguns, or spears in accordance with the type of game sought.
Also known as Napo Quichua, as of the 1990s, this group had not been well studied by anthropologists and other scholars. But see also Udo Oberem's ethnohistory thereof, Los Quijos (item 6509).
8202. Macdonald, Theodore, Jr. "Indigenous Response to an Expanding Frontier: Jungle Quichua Economic Conversion to Cattle Ranching," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 356-383.
A case study of Pasu Urcu. Also published in Spanish in item 8127.
8203. Macdonald, Theodore, Jr. "Processes of Change in Amazonian Ecuador: Quijos Quichua Indians Become Cattlemen." 1979. x, 365 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Published in Spanish as: De cazadores a ganaderos: cambios en la cultura y economía de los Quijos Quichua, traducción del inglés de Rosa M. Pólit [et al.] Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1984. 280 p.
8204. Los Quichuas del Coco y el Napo. Quito: Universidad Central del Ecuador, Escuela de Sociología, 1969. 158 p.
8205. Santos Ortiz de Villalba, Juan. Desde el rincón del brujo: años de cambio entre los Quichuas del Napo. Pompeya: Vicariato Apostólico de Aguarico, 1990. 307 p.
See also Josep Maria Fericgla's Los Jíbaros, cazadores de sueños: diario de un antropólogo entre los Shuar: experimentos con la ayawasca. Barcelona: Integral, 1994. 320 p.
8206. Allioni, Miguel. La vida del pueblo shuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1978. 235 p.
8207. Alvarez Miño, Carlos. Las selvas del Oriente ecuatoriano: costumbres del Jíbaro, ed. ilustrada. Quito: Edit. Artes Gráficas, 1934. x, 187 p.
8208. Amaluiza, Cecilia; and Mariana Segovia. Un grupo shuar amarginado y dependiente. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, [1972?]. 175 p.
8209. Antun' Tsamaraint', Raquel Y.; and Víctor Hilario Chiriap Inchit'. Tsentsak: la experiencia chamánica en el pueblo shuar. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Bomboiza: Instituto Normal Bilingüe Intercultural Shuar-Bomboiza, 1991. 145 p.
Consists of two separate studies: Raquel Y. Antun' Tsamaraint', "El papel del uwishin en la vida social y repercusión de la brujería en la vida diaria"; and Víctor Hilario Chiriap Inchit', "La experiencia chamánica en el pueblo shuar."
8210. Artesanías y técnicas shuar, César Bianchi [et al.]. Quito: Ediciones Mundo Shuar, 1982. 475 p.
8211. Barrueco, Domingo. Mitos y leyendas shuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1985. 106 p.
8212. Belzner, William. "Music, Modernization, and Westernization among the Macuma Shuar," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 731-748.
Argues that Shuar responses, at least in the case of Macuma, to westernizing and modernizing pressures "are contained in nuclear, unelaborated form in their musical conceptual system and acted out within the values shaping their traditional ethos." Also published in Spanish in item 8127.
8213. Bianchi, César. Adornos. Sucúa: Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, 1978. 81 p.
8214. Bianchi, César. La casa shuar. Sucúa: Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, 1978. 73 p.
8215. Bianchi, César. La cocina y la comida. Sucúa: Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, 1978. 83 p.
8216. Bianchi, César. Hombre y mujer en la sociedad shuar. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1989. 136 p.
Reprint; originally published: Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1983.
8217. Bianchi, César. El Shuar y el ambiente: conocimiento del medio y cacería no destructiva. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1981. 270 p.
8218. Bitsch, Jorgen. Jivaro. Copenhagen: Grafisk Forlag, 1958. 191 p.
Also published in English as: Across the River of Death: True Adventure in the Green Hell of the Amazon. London: Souvenir Press, 1958. 200 p.
8219. Calderón, Alfonso. "La vivienda shuar y achuar en su entorno socio-cultural y geográfico," La Región amazónica ecuatoriana (item 6541), p. 25-49.
8220. Colinari, Giusseppie Angelo. Osservazioni etnografiche sui Givari. Roma: Salviucci, 1883. 47 p.
8221. Cotlow, Lewis Nathaniel. Amazon Head-Hunters. New York: Holt, 1953. 245 p.
8222. Chinkim', Juank Luis A.; Mankash Raúl Petsein U.; and Juan José Jimpikit M. El tigre y la anaconda. Bomboiza: Instituto Bilingüe Intercultural Shuar; Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, , 1987. 178 p.
Contents: Juank Luis A. Chinkim', "Arutam, fuerza espiritual del Shuar"; Mankash Raúl Petsein U., "Arutam, protector del hombre shuar"; and Juan Jos Jimpikit M., "Mundo espiritual y espíritu en la concepción shuar."
8223. Chumpi Kayap, María Magdalena. Los "anent": expresión religiosa y familiar de los Shuar. Bomboiza: Instituto Normal Bilingüe Intercultural Shuar; Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1985. 64 p.
8224. Descola, Philippe; and Anne-Christine Taylor. "El conjunto jívaro en los comienzos de la conquista española del Alto Amazonas," Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 10:3/4 (1981), 7-54.
8225. Dolinger, Jane. The Head With the Long Yellow Hair. London: R. Hale, 1958. 189 p.
The author's experiences during an expedition through "Jivaro" territory.
8226. La Familia shuar y la vida social, Juan Bottasso, [compilador]. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1988. 108 p.
8227. Flornoy, Bertrand. Haut-Amazone: trois français, chez les Indiens reducteurs de tetes. Paris: Plon, 1939. vi, 273 p.
Semi-adventure, semi-ethnography.
Also published in English as: Jivaro: among the Headwaters of the Amazon, translated by Jean Pace. New York: Elek, 1953. 224 p. And in Spanish as: Alto Amazonas, traducción de Jacobo Danke. Santiago de Chile: Zig-Zag, 1940. 251 p. The headwaters in question correspond to the Bobonaza River.
8228. Galliani, Eduardo. "Los Shuares del Ecuador se organizan ante el reto del futuro," Geomundo (Panamá), 3 (mar. 1986), 275-288.
8229. Gnerre, Maurizio. "The Decline of Dialogue: Ceremonial and Mythological Discourse among the Shuar and the Achuar," Native South American Discourse, edited by Joel Sherzer and Greg Urban (Berlin: Mouton, 1986), p. 307-341.
8230. Hanzelka, Jirí; and Miroslav Zikmund. Amazon Headhunters, translated by Olga Kuthanová. Prague: Artia, 1963. 299 p.
Unfortunately the library records I saw of this work are incorrect. It should be entered under Zikmund as he is the first author named. An account of the authors's 1949(?) adventures and misadventures by car in Guayaquil, up to Quito, around and about the highlands, and down into "Jivaro" country. Profusely illustrated with black-and-white photographs.
8231. Harner, Michael J. The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. Garden City: Doubleday for the American Museum of Natural History, 1972. 233 p.
Reprinted with a new preface by the author, including a bibliographic update: Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. xx, 233 p.
Also published in Spanish as: Shuar: pueblo de las cascadas sagradas, 3ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994. 237 p.
8232. Harner, Michael J. "Technological and Social Change among the Eastern Jivaro," Actas y memorias, XXXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, República Argentina, 1986, vol. 1 (Buenos Aires: Departamento de Publicaciones Científicas Argentinas, 1968), p. 363-388.
8233. Hendricks, Janet Wall. "Images of Tradition: Ideological Transformations among the Shuar." 1986. xii, 279 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1986.
8234. Hendricks, Janet Wall. "Manipulating Time in an Amazonian Society: Genre and Event among the Shuar," Journal of Folklore Research, 27:1/2 (Jan./Aug. 1990), 11-28.
8235. Hendricks, Janet Wall. "Power and Knowledge: Discourse and Ideological Transformation among the Shuar," American Ethnologist, 15:2 (May 1989), 216-237.
8236. Hendricks, Janet Wall. "Symbolic Counterhegemony among the Ecuadorian Shuar," Nation-States and Indians in Latin America, edited by Greg Urban and Joel Sherzer (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), p. 53-70.
Argues that the Shuar resist loss of cultural identity and incorporation into national (i.e., Ecuadorian) culture through the use of "correct rhetoric," achieved through visions.
8237. Hendricks, Janet Wall. To Drink of Death: The Narrative of a Shuar Warrior. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993. xiv, 316 p.
Transcribes, translates, and dissects the "life story" of Tukup', one of the "last" traditional Shuar warriors. Employs discourse and qualitative analysis. Written for specialists.
8238. Jimpikit, Carmelina; and Gladys Antun'. Los nombres shuar: significado y conservación . Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Bomboiza: Instituto Normal Bilingüe Intercultural Shuar-Bomboiza, 1991. 114 p.
8239. Johnson, Paul C. "Shamanism from Ecuador to Chicago: a Case Study in New Age Ritual Appropriation," Religion, 25:2 (Apr. 1995), 163-178.
8240. Karsten, Rafael. Bland indianer i Ekvadors urskogar: tre ars resor och forskningar. Helsinki: Soderstrom, 1920-1921. 2 v. in 1 (406 p.).
Also published in Spanish as: Entre los indios de las selvas del Ecuador: tres años de viajes e investigaciones, 1ª ed. en castellano. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1998. 397 p.
8241. Karsten, Rafael. Blood Revenge, War and Victory Feasts Among the Jibaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1923. 94 p.
8242. Karsten, Rafael. Contributions to the Sociology of the Indian Tribes of Ecuador: Three Essays. New York: AMS Press, 1980. 75 p.
Reprint; originally published: Abo: Abo Akademi, 1920.
8243. Karsten, Rafael. The Headhunters of Western Amazonas: the Life and Culture of the Jivaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador and Peru. New York: AMS Press, 1979. xvi, 598 p.
Reprint; originally published: Helsingfors: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1935. Also published in Spanish as: La vida y la cultura de los Shuar, 1ª ed. Guayaquil: Museo, Banco Central del Ecuador; Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988-1989. 2 v.
The first comprehensive as well as ethnographically sound study of the Shuar.
8244. Karsten, Rafael. "Mitos de los indios Jíbaros (Shuara) del Oriente del Ecuador," Boletín de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Históricos Americanos, 2:4 (mayo/jun. 1919), 325-339.
8245. Karsten, Rafael. "The Religion of the Jibaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador," Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Historia, 3:6 (jul./ago. 1921), 124-145; 4:10/11 (mar./jun. 1922), 309-330.
8246. Kroeger, Axel; and Françoise Barbira-Freedman. Cultural Change and Health: The Case of South American Rainforest Indians with Special Reference to the Shuar/Achuar of Ecuador. Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1982. 65 p.
Also published in Spanish as: Cambio cultural y salud: con especial referencia a los Shuar-Achuar. Sucúa: Ediciones Mundo Shuar, 1984. 120 p.
8247. Lombardo Otero de Soto, Rosa María. Los Jíbaros. México, D.F.: [s.n.], 1950. 116 p.
8248. Mashinkias, Manuel; and Mariana Awak Tentets. La selva, nuestra vida: sabiduría ecológica del pueblo shuar. Quito: Abya Yala; Morona Santiago: Instituto Bilingüe Intercultural Shuar, 1986. 129 p.
8249. Munzel, Mark. Schrumpfkopf-Macher?: Jibaro-Indianer in Sudamerika. Frankfurt am Main: Museum fur Volkerkunde, 1977. 424 p.
8250. Muriel, Inés. "Contribución a la cultura musical de los Jívaros del Ecuador," Folklore americano, 21 (jun. 1976), 141-157.
A brief study of the musical instruments employed by Shuar and representative examples of drinking songs, songs of war, songs of love, and the "Canto de pájaro tucán." The author is a professional musicologist.
8251. Napolitano, Emanuela. Shuar y anent: el canto sagrado en la historia de un pueblo. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. iii, 200 p.
A descriptive and interpretative study of sacred songs (anent).
8252. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Arutam: mitos de los espíritus y ritos para propiciarlos: Arutam. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1976. 195 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 1)
8253. Pillizzaro, Siro M. Arutam: mitología shaur, 1ª ed. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala: Movimientos Laicos para América Latina, 1990. 261 p.
8254. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Ayumpúm: la reducción de las cabezas cortadas. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1980. 322 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 5)
8255. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Cultura shuar: una civilización desconocida: investigaciones realizadas en idoma Shuar. Cuenca: Edit. Don Bosco, 1972. 82 p.
Cover title: Leyendas shauras: Oriente ecuatoriano.
8256. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Etsa e Iwia: la lucha eterna. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1977. 141 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 6)
Cover title: Etsa: defensor del pueblo shuar.
8257. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Etsa: el modelo del hombre shuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1982. 301 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 7)
8258. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Iwianch': el mundo de los muertos. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, [1978?]. 255 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 12)
8259. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Nunkui: el modelo de la mujer shuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1978. 258 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 8)
8260. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Shakaim: mitos de la selva y del desmonte. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1977. 210 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 10)
8261. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Técnicas y estructuras familiares de los Shuar. Sucúa: Federación de Centros Shuar, 1973. 65 p.
8262. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Tsantsa: la celebración de la cabeza reducida: tsantsa. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1980. 352 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 9)
8263. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Tsunki: el mundo del agua y de los poderes fecundantes. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1979. 191 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 2)
8264. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Uwi: la celebración de la vida y de la fecundidad. Quito: Mundo Shuar, 1983. 181 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 11)
Originally published as: La celebración de Uwi. Quito: Banco Central del Ecuador, 1978. 159 p.
8265. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Uwishín: iniciación, ritos y cantos de los chamanes. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1978. 296 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 3)
8266. Pellizzaro, Siro M. Wee: mitos de la sal y ritos para obtenerla. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1979. 111 p. (Mitología Shuar; t. 4)
8267. Pellizzaro, Siro M.; José Arnalot; and Silvio Broseghini. La muerte y los entierros. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, 1978. 107 p.
8268. Peñaherrera de Costales, Piedad; and Alfredo Costales Samaniego. La nación shuar. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar, 1977-1978. 5 v.
8269. Pierre, François. Voyages d'exploration d'un missionaire dominicain chez lez tribus suavage de l'Equateur. Paris: Bureau de l'Annee dominicaine, 1889. x, 334 p.
A classic, late nineteenth-century account of the peoples now known as the Shuar and the Achuar.
Also published in Spanish as: Viaje de exploración al Oriente ecuatoriano, 1887-1888, 2ª ed. Quito: Abya-Yala, 1990. 262 p.
8270. Redmond, Elsa M. Tribal and Chiefly Warfare in South America. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1994. xii, 148 p.
8271. Rivet, Paul. "Les indiens Jibaros," L'Anthropologie, 18 (1907), 363-368, 538-618; 19 (1908), 69-87, 235-259.
8272. Rosero, Magdalena. La espiritualidad de los Shuar. Sucúa: Federación Provincial de Centros Shuaras, 1972. 57, [5] p.
8273. Rueda, Marco Vinicio. "Un hombre mítico shuar: los mitos shuar," Revista de la Universidad Católica, 7:21 (mar. 1979), 43-81.
8274. Salazar, Ernesto. "The Federación Shuar and the Colonization Frontier," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 589-613.
An abridged and revised version of item 6555. Also published in Spanish in item 8127.
8275. Santana, Roberto. "Le projet shuar et la stratégie de colonisation du sud-est équatorien," Travaux et mémoires de l'Institut des hautes études de l'Amérique latine, 32 (1978), 55-66.
8276. Sarmiento, Alberto. La heroina de Motolo: vida y costumbres de los Jíbaros. Quito: [s.n.], 1961. 114 p.
8277. Setenta "mitos shuar," edición de Marco Vinicio Rueda; texto recogido magnetofónicamente por Ricardo Tankamash'; traducción del shuar al castellano por Ricardo Tankamash' y Ampán Karákras. Quito: Mundo Shuar, 1983. 289 p.
In Shuar and Spanish.
8278. Simson, Alfred. "Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians," Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 9 (1880), 385-393.
8279. Stirling, Matthew W. Historical and Ethnographical Material on the Jivaro Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1938. 148 p.
8280. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "L'art de la reduction: la guerre et les mecanismes de la differenciation tribale dans la culture Jivaro," Journal de la Société des américanistes, 71 (1985), 159-184.
Utilizes historical and ethnographic sources to demonstrate that the Shuar and the Achuar have traditionally practiced two different types of warfare: intratribal vendettas and intertribal head-hunting.
8281. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "Una categoría irreductible en el conjunto de las naciones indígenas: los Jívaro en las representaciones occidentales," Imágines e imagineros (item 1940), p. 75-107.
A fascinating study of the differing perceptions of the "Jívaros" or Shuar and Achuar through time, as perceived by Catholic missionaries in the seventeenth centuries, by creoles in the eighteenth, by scientific travelers in the nineteenth, by ethnographers and by themselves in the twentieth.
8282. Taylor, Anne-Christine. "La invención del Jívaro: notas etnográficas sobre una fantasma occidental," Memorias del primer Simposio Europeo sobre Antropología del Ecuador (item 603), p. 277-289.
A preliminary version of item 8281.
8283. Tiwintza: la dignidad de un pueblo, 1ª ed. Quito: Fundación José Peralta, 1995. 246 p.
8284. Vacas Galindo, Enrique. Nankijukima: religión, usos y costumbres de los salvajes del Oriente del Ecuador. Ambato: Impr. T. Merino, 1895. 349 p.
A knowledgeable but semifictionalized account based on many years of missionary experience among the Shuar. Considered by some authorities (e.g., Angel F. Rojas) to be a "quasi-novel."
8285. La Vida del pueblo shuar, Miguel Allioni [et al.]. Quito: Mundo Shuar, 1978. 235 p.
8286. Vigna, Juan. "Bosquejo sobre los indios Shuaras o Jíbaros," América indígena, 5:1 (ene./mar. 1945), 35-49.
8287. Von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang. Off With Their Heads. New York: Macmillan, 1937. 320 p.
Popular account of Shuar and Achuar. Somewhat useful for coeval data.
8288. Waisbard, Simone. Chez les chasseurs de têtes d'Amazonie. Paris: Société continentale d'editions modernes illustrées, 1969. 360 p.
8289. Wavirn, Robert, Marquis de. Los Jívaros: reducteurs de tetes recit d'esploration. Paris: Payot, 1941. 212 p.
8290. Wierhake, Gunda. La cultura material shuar en la historia: estudio de las fuentes del siglo XVI al XIX. Sucúa: Mundo Shuar; Quito: Abya-Yala, 1985. 166 p.
8291. Wierhake, Gunda. "Der Schmuck der 'Jívaro' in der Darstellung der schriftlichen Quellen des 16. bis 19. Jahrhunderts," Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika, Albert Meyers, Martin Volland (Hrsg.) (Opladen: Westdeutschler Verlag, 1990), p. 183-206.
The Sionas and Secoyas are small, closely related ethnic groups. The Siona live along the Shushufindi, Aguarico, and Cuyabeno rivers. The Secoya also along the Aguarico and Cuyabeno. As of the early 1990s, there were some 200 Siona and 300 Secoya. Both groups were in danger of extinction. Hopefully this has not happened. Culturally and linguistically the Sionas and Secoyas were/are related to Western Tucanos. The principal students of the Siona and Secoya Indians were Langdon (items 8293 and 8294) and Vickers (items 8296-8302).
8292. Cipolletti, María Susana. Aipe koka, la palabra de los antiguos: tradición oral siona-secoya. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1988. 286 p.
8293. Langdon, Esther Jean. "Mulheres na ideologia e na vida cotidiana dos Siona," Boletim de ciências sociais, 45 (abr./jun. 1987), 20-31.
8294. Langdon, Esther Jean. "The Siona Hallucinogenic Ritual: Its Meaning and Power," Understanding Religion and Culture: Anthropological and Theological Perspectives, edited by John H. Morgan (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979), p. 58-86.
See also Langdon's 1974 doctoral dissertation: "The Siona Medical System: Beliefs and Behavior" (Tulane Univesity). And her more recent: "Dau: Shamanic Power in Siona Religion and Medicine," Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America, edited by E. Jean Mateson Langdon and Gerhard Baer (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992), p. 41-62.
8295. Moya, Ruth. Requiem por los espejos y los tigres: una aproximación a la literatura y lengua secoyas. Quito: Oficina Regional de Cultura para América Latina y el Caribe: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1992. 378 p.
8296. Vickers, William T. "Cultural Adaptation to Amazonian Habitats: The Siona-Secoya of Eastern Ecuador." 1976. 368 leaves. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida.
A detailed study of Siona / Secoya adaptation to and exploitation of their environment.
Published in Spanish as: Los Sionas y Secoyas: su adaptación al ambiente amazónico. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala; Roma: MLAL, 1989. 374 p.
8297. Vickers, William T. "Ideation as Adaptation: Traditional Belief and Modern Intervention in Siona-Secoya Religion," Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (item 7939), p. 705-730.
Examines the impact of the acculturation and proselytization programs of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, nominally on behalf of the Ministry of Public Education, and of the Instituto Nacional de Colonización de la Región Amazónica Ecuatoriana, on this ethnic group.
8298. Vickers, William T. "El mundo espiritual de los Sionas," Periplo: revista del Instituto de la Caza Fotográfica y Ciencias de la Naturaleza, 4 (1975), 13-23.
8299. Vickers, William T. "Native Amazonian Subsistence in Diverse Habitats: the Siona-Secoya of Ecuador," Changing Agricultural Systems in Latin America, Emilio F. Morán, guest editor (Williamsburg: Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1978), p. 6-36.
8300. Vickers, William T. "Territorial Dimensions of Siona-Secoya and Encabellado Adaptation," Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames [and] William T. Vickers (New York: Academic Press, 1983), p. 451-478.
A study of "the spatial organization of the Siona-Secoya community of San Pablo . . ." Focuses on the interaction between space utilization and conditioning of the size of the space by ecological and technological factors.
8301. Vickers, William T. "Traditional Concepts of Power among the Siona-Secoya and the Advent of the Nation-State," Latin American Anthropology Review, 1:2 (1989), 55-60.
8302. Vickers, William T.; and Timothy Plowman. Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1984. iv, 63 p.